A field research on duate in kanun(Qanun) education and performance

The aim of this study is to identify alternative duate understanding used in the technical development and changes in qanun performance and to explain these findings with examples. Alternative duates developed in written sources, which provide different motifs, phrases, and accents, contribute to the technical development of musical performance, and make the creation of new styles and schools possible. When the taqsims and works of today's master performers are examined, it is seen that, with their different striking techniques they use (alternative) duates, that contradict with the understanding of duates found in training materials. In this study, designed with the case study model of qualitative research methods, primarily, the historical development of the qanun, its anatomical structure (parts) and plectrum strike made with movement from finger which is used in traditional qanun performance has been described. The legato striking technique, the reverse plectrum strikes made with movement from finger and wrist, the rebound, plectrum strike and the striking techniques performed with fingers other than the plectrum finger have been examined.The qanun methods found in literature, books, master's and doctoral theses have been analyzed. In the findings section of the study, the duate used in traditional performance, being included in the qanun methods, books, master's, and doctoral theses, has been examined, and the duate principles found in their content have been identified and classified, along with their exceptional cases. Göksel Baktagir, Hakan Güngör, Hakan Kılınçarslan, Onur Cicin, Ruhi Ayangil ve Tahir Aydoğdu have been interviewed using semi-structured interview questions. The alternative uses of duate used in modern qanun performance have been identified and recorded. Alternative uses of the duates have been categorized with the striking techniques described in the theoretical framework and explained with example patterns and sentences. The approach obtained through the findings of the research has been classified into 9 different rules, along with exceptional cases for each rule, and demonstrated with example patterns and sentences. For the uses of the alternative duates, the patterns and sentence examples have been provided using the legato plectrum strike, the reverse plectrum strike, the rebound plectrum strike, and the striking techniques performed with fingers other than the plectrum finger and at the beginner level of kanun education, the use of traditional duate has been recommended, while the usage of alternative duates has been suggested at the intermediate and advanced levels.