An Investigation of histopathologic changes and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH) on the kidney tissues male rats treated with chronic alcohol and cigarette smoke

SUMMARY Ph.D.Thesis AN INVESTIGATION OF HISTOPATHOLOGIC CHANGES AND LEVELS OF MALONDIALDEHYDE (MDA), NITRIC OXIDE (NO), XANTHINE OXIDASE (XO), XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE (XDH), MYELOPEROXIDASE (MPO), GLUTATHIONE (GSH) ON THE KIDNEY TISSUES OF MALE RATS TREATED WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL AND CIGARETTE SMOKE Yılmaz Çİ?REMİŞ İnönü University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology 89 + viii pages 2003 Supervisor I: Prof. Dr. Eşref YÜKSE1 Supervisor II: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yusuf TÜRKÖZ The aim of the study carried out in this thesis was to investigate the effects of chronic cigarette smoke and alcohol exposure on the kidney tissue in male Wistar rats. Animals, treated with these substances for a period of six months were divided into four experimental groups which were i) a control group ii) alcohol group iii) cigarette smoke group iv) smoke+alcohol group. All groups were consisted of 7 rats. Specimens in alcohol group animals were orally fed on a diet containing cow milk, 5000 IU vitamin A and sucrose together with 7.2% alcohol. Cigarette smoke group, on the other hand were kept in closed plastic cage (0.75x1x0.85 m., 0.64 m3) which exposed to cigarette smoke for the whole experimental period. At the end of the experimental period, the specimens in four groups were sacrified and then their kidney tissues were analyzed for GSH, MDA, NO, XO, and MPO levels. The level of GSH per gram of wet tissue was determined as 1.579 ± 0.06 umol, 0.910 + 0.06 umol, 1.141 + 0.06 umol, and 0.818 + 0.04 umol for control, alcohol, smoke, and smoke+alcohol groups respectively. The values were significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of control group animals. The MDA levels per gram of wet tissue were 40.14 + 3.4 nmol, 71.4 ± 2.8 nmol, 64 ± 3.6 nmol, and 76.5 ± 4.3 nmol, for control, alcohol, and smoke+alcohol groups, respectively. These values were found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of control group. The total nitrite levels were determined as 347.73 + 8.1 nmol, 261.09 + 4.8 nmol, 329.76 ± 5.6 nmol, and 254.15 ±3.8 nmol per gram wet tissue in control, alcohol, smoke, and smoke+alcohol groups, respectively. A significant decrease (p<0.05) in total nitrite were observed in alcohol and smoke+alcohol group when compared to control group animals, however, no significant differences in total nitrite levels between smoke and control groups were detected. The activity of MPO was determined as 13.5 + 0.6 U/g, 16.16 ± 1.1 U/g, 14.71 ± 1.1 U/g, and 23.75 ± 0.9 U/g protein, for control, alcohol, smoke, and smoke+alcohol groups, respectively. These figures correspond to a significant increase (p<0.05) in MPO activity in alcohol, smoke+alcohol groups compared to control. The difference was determined not to be significant for smoke group animals compared to control. The XO activity were 2.77 ± 0.3 U/g, 5.19 ± 0.3 U/g, 3.22 ± 0.1 U/g, and 7.59 ± 0.9 U/g protein in control, alcohol, smoke, and smoke+alcohol groups, respectively. This values also correspond to a significant increase (p<0.05) in XO activity in alcohol and smoke+alcohol group animals compared to control. The difference in XO was determined not to be significant between smoke and control group. When the histopathological values of all groups were considered together, the degeneration of kidney tubules was determined to be lesser extent in smoke group animals than in alcohol and smoke+alcohol group animals. Especially in alcohol group animals there was an intense vacuolization in glomerulus and deformation of kidney tubules. In smoke+alcohol group animals, however, the degeneration of tubules was determined to be more severe and basal membrane of glomerulus to be dissolved compared to alcohol and smoke groups. Results shows that the chronic cigarette smoke and alcohol exposure may cause an oxidative burst in kidney, resulting in tissue damage through the generation of free radical formation. KEY WORDS: Cigarette smoke, Alcohol, Kidney, Rat, GSH, MDA, MPO, NO, XO, Histopathology 11