Egypt under Ottoman State's rule (1839-1882)

Egypt became one of the most important provinces of the state since it wentunder the dominance of the Ottoman State in 16.century and it kept thisstatement until the first half of 20. century. Egypt was the first ?salyaneli? province ofthe Ottoman State and since it was so away from the central authority, therewere difficulties about its management. Since the old ages, people who cameand settle in these lands where the Nile gave life, struggled for anindependent dominance in the region. This statement is the same in theOttoman and Islamic conquest terms.The viceroys who were appointed by Ottoman State were defeated by ?Memluk?feudal chiefs or beated them and decelerated their own independence. In theoccurring of this statement, being away from the center is an importantreason but also claiming dominance after being stronger in Egypt was like atradition. In just the same way, Mehmet Ali Pasha who is known as thefounder of the modern Egypt in Egypt history, tried some ways in order to beactually independent until he first came to this lands and identificated the19. century Ottoman-Egypt relations in this way.In the term of Mehmet Ali Pasha, there was ?veraset? management in Egypt andthis statement went on until İsmail Pasha. In the time period between Mehmet AliPasha came to the head and İsmail Pasha came to the head, in the terms ofAbbas and Said Pashas there was a political silence in Egypt. Some importantevents of these terms were starting the building of railway and thearguments about practicing the ?Tanzimat Fermanı? in the region.İsmail Pasha, who is known as the second big reformer after Mehmet Ali Pashain Egypt history, hardly tried to widen the ?autonomy? rights of Egypt andhad the ?Khedive title? and nearly pulled Egypt away from the centre. Inthis term, Egypt had a great economic and cultural development with openingthe Süveyş Channel and widening of the railway net. But these developments broughteconomic difficulties to Egypt and so gave the reason to the European States which wasneeded to interfere Egypt.In Egypt, channel, fabric, railway and harbor buildings were made with theloans taken from European States. But İsmail Pasha, who wanted to build up aEuropean civilization in African lands, was not able to give back theinterests of these loans anymore and the first interference of Europe cameeconomically which was followed by military interference. Occupation ofEgypt was unavoidable also because of the political and economic collapseof the Ottoman State.Although the negative results of all the political and economicdevelopments, Egypt showed big developments about modernity. Main aim ofthese modernity studies, started in the term of Mehmet Ali Pasha, was to makethe militarily force alive. Egypt gave Ottoman State difficult statements,because of its strong army. Also Egypt caused the centre to make studies inorder to develop its all institutions-first of all its army.Key Words: Egypt, Ottoman State, Mehmet Ali Pasha, İsmail Pasha, TanzimatFermanı.