The presence of English language and literature in the early period of modern age in Turkey, and their effects on modern Turkish literature between 1839–1900

This dissertation, aiming to study western sources of Modern Turkish Literature from the date of declaration of Tanzimat until the end of 19th century within the scope of Ottoman modernization process in this period, is to assess and analyse by comparing Modern Turkish Literature as assessed object with Anglo-Saxon literature as comparative criteria. Our main purpose for this comparison is to determine if there is certain presence and effects of Anglo-Saxon Literature on modern Turkish Literature and to what extent these effects went ahead for literary people, texts and events in the era. However, we do not follow up these effects not only on texts translated and/or adapted from Anglo-Saxon literature, or directly related to Anglo-Saxon literature topics, but also on other Anglo-Saxon texts (not only literary, but also philosophical, political and economic texts) non-translated into Turkish, but clearly provable that has a certain effect in a literally way on modern Turkish literature, and originally Turkish texts clearly affected by Anglo-Saxon literature. In the result of our study we are aware that the western resources of modern Turkish literature until end of the 19th century are not uniform and homogenous, but can be meaningfully differentiated. The western source of modern Turkish literature is not French literature alone. But it is also Anglo-Saxon literature that has genuine and specific effects on it. For that matter, we also discuss a certain comparison between Anglo-Saxon and French literatures to some content as a secondary matter in our study. In this dissertation, we accept all English literary or literary-related texts from different Anglo-Saxon originated countries like England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, USA and Australia as the texts from Anglo-Saxon literature. This study has four main parts. In the first part of it, there are five different kinds of bibliographies that consists texts translated/adapted from Anglo-Saxon literature or originally Turkish on Anglo-Saxon literature from books, book parts and periodicals in Turkish with Arabic letters. In the second part that supported the first part, we show the effects on the secondary sources like Esami-i Kütübs. We classify the texts on our bibliographies in literary genres, authors and translators in the third part. And lastly in the fourth part named "Literary Setting", we discuss direct and indirect effects of English language and Anglo-Saxon literature on modern Turkish literature, the authors affected by it, and works, attitudes and view of points of translators talked about in the era.