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Reframing through simultaneous interpreting: The 2020 US Presidential debates in the shadow of a pandemic
The U.S. Presidential Debates are one of the most followed TV shows being interpreted live in many countries as well as in Turkey. The year 2020 was noteworthy in the sense that the debates were held in the shadow of a pandemic. Along with that, the tumultuous environment with overlapping talks of the candidates received a great deal of attention. In Turkey, this year's debates were interpreted live on TV with the new working conditions shaped by the precautions due to the pandemic. It is against this background that this study aims to examine how the 2020 American presidential debates are reframed through simultaneous interpretation on television. Against this backdrop, recordings of the simultaneous interpretation of the debates were obtained from 2 news outlets. Furthermore, in-depth interviews with the interpreters of the Presidential Debates were corroborated with the real interpreting instances. Through interviews, working conditions and preparation process of the interpreters will be analysed as well as their decisions pertaining to the interpretation of the debates. As a result, the data and the interviews will be scrutinized in the light of Framing Theory to shed light on the question how the simultaneous interpretation of the presidential debates were (re)framed and the interpreters become (re)framers. Correspondingly, the results prove that along with working conditions and preparation processes framing the simultaneous interpretations, interpreters as well (re)frame the debates with the decisions and strategies they adopt.
A descriptive study on the Turkish translation of Captains Courageous
The aim of this thesis is to conduct a thorough descriptive analysis on one of the Turkish translations of Captains Courageous (1897) by Rudyard Kipling. The original novel is regarded as one of the early examples of young adult fiction, a genre that has been underresearched both in literary studies and translation studies. Captains Courageous seems to have a special place in the systems of translated young adult and children's literature in Turkey since there are twenty-six translations of the book in total, all conducted after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. The translation that was carried out by Kamuran Şerif [Saru] and published in Arabic letters in 1928 right before the alphabet reform is selected as the focus of the descriptive analysis since it is the first translation of the work and it represents one of the most critical periods in Turkish history, namely the early Republican Period. The methodology of the descriptive analysis is mainly based on the theoretical contributions of the prominent members of the Descriptive School. While Gideon Toury's target-oriented theory (1985) is used to observe the norms governing the translation process, Itamaar Even-Zohar's Polysystem Theory (1978) and Andre Lefevere's notion of "patronage" (1992) are also benefitted from in an attempt to clarify the parallels between the translator's strategies and the dominant ideological and poetological tendencies of the early Republican Period. The findings of the descriptive study indicate that the equivalence relationship between the source and the target texts could generally be defined as "acceptable" (Toury, 1995, 56) although when lower-level decisions of the translator are taken into account, it could be claimed that the translator skillfully moves back and forth between the adequacy and acceptability poles. The findings also reveal that most choices of the translator are in accord with the poetics of his time and that the ideological tendencies of the period could be observed in the decisions of the translator as well as in the foreword written by Ahmet Cevat [Emre], one of the prominent Turkologists of the period in question.
Metin Erksan'ın film uyarlaması Kadın Hamlet'te yorumlayıcıların eleştirel bir analizi
The aim of this MA thesis is to critically examine Metin Erksan's film adaptation Kadın Hamlet (The Female Hamlet) (1976) using the methodology offered by Lawrence Venuti to guide research on film adaptations. Within this aim, the study concentrates on the formal and thematic interpretants in the famous film adaptation. Formal interpretants in the work have been investigated in terms of the setting, Erksan's filming style, and motifs like revenge and paternal love. The results reveal that the mentioned motifs and the setting have a structural equivalence relationship with the source material, namely William Shakespeare's Hamlet. When it comes to Erksan's filming style, his work is certainly in line with his previous literary adaptations because they often have tragic endings involving the death of the main characters. Thematic interpretants in the work have been examined with a specific focus on the gender identities of the characters. According to the results, it could be claimed that Erksan mainly portrays a non-binary Hamlet, which is his major diversion from the source material. However, there are also some instances such as the title of the adaptation and the heterosexual relationship of Hamlet, which interrupt the non-binary portrayal. The results of the analysis have clearly shown that Erksan's application of thematic interpretants outranks his application of formal interpretants in the adaptation, which reveals Erksan's gender ideology. Key Words: Formal Interpretants, Thematic Interpretants, Metin Erksan, Kadın Hamlet (The Female Hamlet), Gender, Non-binary
Machine translation post-editing in video game localization
The aim of this study is to explore whether free to use machine translation systems can be used to localize video games, instead of opting for crowdsourcing options. In line with this aim, 30 lines related to in-game races and their sub-races were selected from the language file of the video game called Kenshi. These lines were translated using Google Translate and Amazon Translate, which are free-to-use neural machine translation systems, and the raw machine translation outputs obtained were evaluated by three volunteers in accordance with TAUS "adequacy" and "fluency" error annotation criteria. Then, in accordance with TAUS "Human Translation Quality" guidelines, the volunteers post-edited the raw machine translation outputs. In the light of the obtained data, it has been determined that the raw outputs of the aforementioned machine translation systems cannot be used without post-editing. It has been determined that only 32% of Google Translate's raw machine translation output and 23% of Amazon Translate's raw machine translation output can be used without post-editing. However, by making use of machine translation post-editing, it was observed that the translators' word per hour performance doubled at minimum. Thus, it has been concluded that machine translation systems substantially decrease the translation workload. In addition, it has been determined that video game localization competences have a decisive effect on the editing efforts of the people who conduct machine translation post-editing, and especially "creativity" and "familiarity with games culture" competences cause great differences in edit efforts.
A descriptive study on the effects of post-editing on lexical diversity
Machine Translation (MT) technologies paved the way for great advances in the translation industry with the development of Neural Machine Translation (NMT). Translation companies and translators have started to save a great deal of time and energy by doing machine translation post-editing (MTPE) instead of translating from scratch -human translation- (HT). In this study, the volunteer participants were asked to both translate the same texts from scratch and post-edit by using a generic machine translation. The results were analysed comparatively with a focus on lexical diversity. According to the findings of the study, it has been observed that machine translation post-editing and human translation results differ significantly. When compared to the human translation results, machine translation post-editing results have been proved to be less rich in terms of lexical diversity.
A study on operationalizing applied English translation programs in Turkey: An examination in terms of competencies, sector and academy
In Turkey, translator education has become an area of frequent research since the foundation of the 'Translation and Interpreting' and 'Translation Studies' departments, which provide undergraduate education. In addition, Applied English Translation programs that provide associate degree education are also included in translator training. On the other hand, the Vocational Qualifications Authority has determined the profession of "Translator" as Level 6 and this level indicates the undergraduate level. This leads to some problematic issues concerning theory and practice at the workplace. Employment of students who graduate from this program is at the forefront of these problems. In addition, it has been determined that holding a bachelor's degree is a main requirement in terms of having a position as a translator at governmental institutions such as Ministry of Foreign Affairs etc. The aim of this study is to examine the employment opportunities of the students of Applied English Translation programs and to determine the positions and sectors where the students can be employed. Thus, by increasing the functionality of the program, it will be possible to train semi-skilled staff who can speak languages for different sectors. The research was designed as a qualitative study and different data sources were included in the research in accordance with the purpose of the study. The first of these is the internship reports of the students. As a result of the analysis of internship reports, it was determined that the students completed their internships in many different sectors (tourism, industrial services, transportation, logistics, health, education, etc.) and used their foreign language skills effectively in this process. It supports the idea that students can be employed not only in the field of translation services, but also in different fields. The second data source of the research is the job advertisements offered by job advert web sites. In the process of examining the employment opportunities of the students of the Applied English Translation programs, Turkey's leading employment websites were included in the scope of the research. To analyze the adverts in a convenient way, semi-skilled worker positions that require English skills were included and analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the potential positions for the graduates of Applied English Translation programs have been found out. Findings from students' internship reports and job adverts showed that graduates of the Applied English Translator program may have different options for employment opportunities. In order to examine this situation in a more detailed way, semi-structured interviews were conducted with two different groups. These are managers from different sectors and human resources specialists. The result of the interviews supports the findings from internship reports and data from job search engines. For instance, semi-skilled staff who can speak foreign languages are needed in different sectors; the the managers from various sectors stated that the students of Applied English Translatiom programs can be employed more easily and effectively with some additional skills they will acquire. To discuss the current situation of Applied English Translation programs and to analyze future directions regarding the curriculum of the program, faculty members were invited to a focus group interview. The interview was held both in person and online and a report was prepared. Analyzing the data of the focus group interview, the problems related to the effectiveness of the program and possible suggestions for them were clarified. When the data from different sources are analyzed, it has been concluded that students of Applied English Translation programs have more employment opportunities as semi-skilled workers in different sectors. However, in its current curriculum design, it can be said that Applied English Translation programs do not provide basic skills in addition to foreign language skills in different sectors. This is also evident from the aims of the program and the syllabus. This issue brings the necessity of reorganizing the program, namely a curriculum evaluation process. It is suggested that the implementation of a modular program, content based course design and double major/minor programs are suitable for students who want to work in the sector and students who want to continue their undergraduate programs. As a result, the functionality of the program will be increased by taking the needs of students with different educational and professional goals into account.
Translation-oriented terminography in the face of intercultural concept variation
The present thesis focuses on the asymmetries between the specialized concept fields adopted by linguistic communities from different cultures using different languages or language variants. These asymmetries create variation between the concepts referred to by specialized communities in different cultural (and commonly geographical) environments and manifest themselves as practical problems of mainly two kinds: terminological gaps and seeming identicalness of similar concepts commonly named "non-equivalence" and "quasi-equivalence" respectively in the specialized discourse of terminology and terminography. The phenomenon of intercultural concept variation and the potential practical intercultural communication problems it creates especially in the context of translation has been much less widely discussed in the context of specialized translation than it has been in the context of general and literary translation, and even much more scarcely in the context of terminology. This is quite natural because since the outset of terminology as a discipline in its own right, the raison d'etre of terminology and the rationalé of terminology work has largely been considered to be unifying concepts and concept systems by eliminating intercultural differences pertaining to them rather than managing these differences; mainly due to the influence of what is known as the General Theory of Terminology and its practical significance for accurate specialized communication both within and across different language communities. Despite the emergence of more recent and more descriptively oriented strands of the discipline of terminology such as the socioterminological (Gaudin 1993), communicative (Cabré 1999, 2003), sociocognitive (Temmerman 1997, 2000) and frame-based (Faber et al. 2005) approaches, the dominant terminographical models are still based on data organization structures whose design largely reflects the traditional normative approach aiming at eliminating all kinds of conceptual variation. Narrowing down its scope to non-normative, translation-oriented terminography in conventional translation environments characterized by mostly ad hoc terminology work, limitations with respect to time and resources, and the use of Translation Environment Tools (TEnT), the present thesis focuses on the terminographical models to be used in this type of situations where intercultural concept variation is not eliminated for practical or socio-political reasons. To observe the landscape, current established terminographical models and practices are examined both through industry best practices laid out by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and through common, established termbanks. These observations demonstrate partial incompatibility between these data organization schemes designed mainly for systematic work towards normative purposes and translation-oriented terminography characterized by ad hoc, largely descriptive terminology work. Attempts to cope with the problems that arise due to this incompatibility have also been observed and critically evaluated. Drawing from these observations and critical evaluations, terminographical suggestions with respect to data entry and organization are developed. Taking into consideration the practical limitations of conventional, smaller-scale working environments where the use of existing ready-made terminographical infrastructures is crucial, these suggestions are developed on one of the most widely adopted terminographical infrastructures in the language services industry (TBX). Moreover, because ready-made solutions are critical for the described usage context, the suggestions are formulated in the form of a supplementary modification to the data category selection of TBX-Basic, a terminological markup language providing a ready-made data category selection and data structure designed to be and commonly recognized as one of the most language industry relevant interchange format.
A new scene in literary translation: Using artlang for transcreating imagined languages in fantastic literature
In translation studies, literary translation has always caused many criticisms and debates since it requires creativity. Some scholars think that literary works such as poems should only be translated by poets. On the other hand, some think that such works shouldn't or can't be translated. If or when a literary work is translated, then another problem arises: translator's visibility. Fantastic literature is one of the oldest genres in the world. Epic of Gilgamesh and King Arthur's story are one of the oldest examples for fantastic literature. Since this genre gained more popularity with Clive Staples Lewis and George MacDonald's works, and J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings, creative elements in those works have also piqued interest. One of the reasons that make fantastic literature's discourse and genre more unique and special is the usage of imagined languages. Since fantastic literature is supposed to have supernatural and / or strange elements to it, these can be a sociolect that is used by a group of beings, or an idiolect that is used by a being; but it also can be a completely new language. In recent years, people started to create artlangs (short for artistic language). This is a language created for artistic or aesthetic reasons, whether to stand on its own merits or to be used in fiction (library.conlang.org). The artlangs that are used in fantastic literature have become quite popular among the fans of the works. While translating works of fantastic literature, like authors, translators use their creativity as well to create a coherent world in the TL. Also, artlang translation may require the same amount of creativity since its birthplace is pure creativity that is shaped by some set of rules. Thus, while translating and / or transcreating artlangs; coherency, the role and characteristics of the language, translators' background, their creativity's nature and borders caused by varying reasons (such as author's intention or commissioner's rules), etc. should be considered too. This thesis aims to analyse artlangs (such as Sindarin and Quenya in Lord of the Rings which were created by J. R. R. Tolkien, Klingon in Star Trek which was created by Marc Okrand, Dothraki, and Valyrian in Game of Thrones which were created by David J. Peterson and George R. R. Martin) and their English and Turkish translations through transcreation. In this thesis, a descriptive method is used to analyse J. R. R. Tolkien's Sindarin and Quenya, George R. R. Martin's Valyrian and Dothraki and their English and Turkish translations in terms of translator's autonomy, creativity, visibility, foreignization / domestication. Key Words: Literary Translation, Artlang, Fantastic Literature, Transcreation, Visibility, Foreignization, Domestication
Hybrid languages and their translations in the light of postcolonial translation theories: Camfranglais example
ABSTRACT Hybrid languages hold a significant place in the multicultural countries, especially in formerly colonized nations. Individuals who are from formerly colonized countries speak hybrid languages, and they produce art and literature in hybrid languages. Citizens of formerly colonized nations are usually fluent in both their own language and the language of the colonizer because they have a multilingual education system. They are also multicultural as they are exposed to both their own culture and the culture of the colonizer. This situation gives them a chance to create a whole new language by using the language of the colonizer. They also create a third culture and by doing that they make the colonizers foreigners to their own languages and cultures. This is how they show the colonizer that the tables now have turned, and they have the upper hand. These colonized individuals represent their identities through the hybrid languages and cultures. Camfranglais, a hybrid language which is spoken in Cameroon, is an impeccable example. In 1970s young people of Cameroon started to use Camfranglais to be able to keep secrets from their parents and since then it became a commonly used language. In today's Cameroon writers and artists use Camfranglais as a tool for resistance against the colonizer. Peter Wuteh Vakunta is one of the writers who uses Camfranglais in this poetry. In this dissertation, his translations from Camfranglais to English will be discussed and as the case study of the dissertation, one of his poems will be translated into Turkish. For the theoretical framework views of scholars such as Antoine Berman, Lawrence Venuti, Gayatri Spivak, Tejaswini Niranjana, Samia Mehrez, Edward Said and Frantz Fanon will be discussed in the dissertation. One of the main objectives of this dissertation is to shed a light on the importance of hybrid languages for formerly colonized nations and why it is important to translate the works which have been written in hybrid languages such as Camfranglais. Translation can give the citizens of formerly colonized nations a chance to make their voices heard from all around the world, translation can shape the future, and can be used as a tool of resistance. One of the other objectives of this dissertation is to question the possibilities of translation of hybrid languages and try to construct a strategy to translate a hybrid language into Turkish. Key Words: Translation, literature, Camfranglais, Post-colonialism, Hybrid languages, colonization.
The effect of error annotation on post-editing effort and post-edited product: An experimental study on machine-translated subtitles of educational content
The aim is to examine the effect of error annotation on post-editing effort and post-edited product. The research also aims to remark the importance of quality evaluation, especially of error annotation which I argue it is an efficient way to learn how to work with machine translation. Regarding these aims, a neural-based machine translation model in the domain of psychology was trained. Afterwards, an experimental study is conducted with translation students by dividing them into two groups as control and treatment group. Control group post-edited the machine-translated subtitles of an educational content in psychology, treatment group conducted a quality evaluation before the task of post-editing the same subtitles. Their temporal and technical effort were compared to post-edited products. The study intends to contribute to the machine translation studies and to raise awareness in the use of machine translation in subtitling of educational content.
Oscar Wilde'in The İmportance Of Being Earnest eserinin Türkçe çevirilerinin görünürlük ve görünmezlik odağında betimleyici bir incelemesi
This thesis aims to analyze the two translations of Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) which are Ciddi Olmanın Önemi by Murat Erşen published in 2007 and Maksat Samimiyet by Can Yücel published in 2018 within the scope of the arguments of Venuti about the translator's invisibility. In the research, the book covers, titles, idioms, made-up words, religion, and mythological terms, proper names, cultural items, examinations, and addressing words were analyzed based the Gideon Toury's descriptive theoretical approach. As a result of the analysis based on the selected examples, it was seen that the equivalence relationship between the ST and TT1 is closer to the adequacy pole while the equivalence relationship between the ST and TT2 is closer to the acceptability pole. In the research, the foreignization/domestication strategies and their relations to the translator's visibility and invisibility which were asserted by Venuti were analyzed. It is seen in most of the examples that a translation process that is closer to the target culture's norms is pursued and predominantly domestication strategy is adopted in TT2. Unlike Venuti's argument which asserts that foreignization strategy means showing a resistance to the target culture's norms and by doing so, makes the translator's efforts visible, in this case, it is seen that by applying domestication strategy, TT2 is closer to the target culture's norms and by disguising the dominant English culture items, it resists to the source culture's norms and makes the translator visible. This analysis of the case study demonstrated that contrary to Venuti's argument about applying foreignization strategy might not mean showing resistance to the source culture and it makes the translator and translator's effort visible while applying domestication strategy makes the translator and the translator's effort invisible. It was concluded that we cannot talk about a direct connection between the translator's visibility and the translation strategy in every case, time, culture, and language and there is more than one factor involved other than the translation strategy in the translator's visibility.
A study on the impact of translators' intercultural competence on customer-perceived quality
The objective that culture may be included in the translation process was introduced with the 'cultural turn' in translation studies, highlighting the notion of "translation as intercultural communication". Knowledge of culturally specific textual and discourse conventions and applying this knowledge in the process of translation is the essence of intercultural competence. The identification of translation competence of EMT Competence Framework integrates intercultural competence with the essential skills of a translator by its approach emphasizing that a translator knows how to "translate and mediate in specific intercultural contexts". Researching the concrete results of Intercultural competence with interdisciplinary approaches is significant to highlight the role of the translator in perception of products and services. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the impact and outcomes of the translator's intercultural competence in the means of customer-perceived quality. Among the people living in Turkey who do not speak Turkish, 26 individuals who were determined by convenience sampling method were interviewed. The data collected through the face-to-face interviews revealed that the intercultural competence of a translator significantly affects the customer-perceived quality, and in the lack of intercultural competence, the consumer has negative impressions and avoids purchasing products or services.
A descriptive and comparative study on the Turkish translations of the video game The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt
Video games started to become a part of our lives with the emergence of arcade games in the 1970s and they have rapidly become widespread especially in the 2000s thanks to globalization and the fast growing game market. Game translation and localization played a big role in this spread. However, there are many games that do not have an official Turkish translation due to various reasons such as localization cost or political climate. Some games that do not have an official Turkish translation are occasionally translated into Turkish by their fans. In this study, both fan and official translations of the video game The Withcer 3: Wild Hunt are compared within the framework of video game translation strategies put forward by Alberto Fernández Costales in order to reveal the translation strategies used in them. The strategies are then interpreted within the framework of Hans J. Vermeer's Skopos theory in order to reveal the translations' aim. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that while both translations were produced with aims that could be regarded as similar, the translation strategies used tend to show a certain degree of variation.
Zones of uncertainty: Exploring medical interpreting in Turkey in the aftermath of the pandemic
This thesis examines the role of healthcare interpreters in Turkey and how their interpretation services inform patient outcomes and satisfaction with healthcare services. The study aims to reveal how the pre-COVID practices of healthcare interpreters informed their remote interpreting practices both during and after COVID era. To do so, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten interpreters, revealing their challenges and sense of fulfillment from helping patients communicate with healthcare providers. The habitus of healthcare interpreters is supposed to be influenced by their experiences, education, and cultural background, which shapes and in turn is shaped by how they interpret and mediate communication between patients and healthcare providers. However, the findings suggest that since healthcare interpreting is not institutionalized in Turkey, interpreters work in a zone of uncertainty where they do not share the same habitus and norms as the patients and providers. The study also suggests that research can contribute to the improvement of healthcare services and the development of training programs for healthcare interpreters.
Aziz Nesin'in eserlerinin Arapça çevirilerinin toplumsal ve siyasi mizah açısından değerlendirilmesi
Bu çalışmada genel hatlarıyla mizah çevirisi üzerinde durularak Aziz Nesin'in Ölmüş Eşek, Memleketin Birinde, Surname ve Tek Yol adlı eserlerindeki toplumsal ve siyasi mizahi ögelerin çevirmen Abdulkadir Abdelli tarafından nasıl çevrildiği Peter Newmark'ın çeviri yöntemleri ve stratejileri ışığında incelenmiştir. Hans J. Vermeer'in ve Katharina Reiss'in Skopos Kuramı ve Christiane Nord'un 'işlev artı bağlılık' yaklaşımı çerçevesinde kaynak metinler ile erek metinler arasında amaç açısından bir farklılık olup olmadığı ve çevirmenin çeviri sürecindeki ortaklarına (kaynak metin göndericisi, hedef metin muhatapları ve çeviri başlatıcısı) bağlılık düzeyi değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca kaynak metinlerin yazıldığı dönem ile çevirilerin yapıldığı dönem benzerlik ve farklılık açısından incelenmiştir. Aziz Nesin'in Arap dünyasındaki rolü mercek altına alınmış ve özellikle Suriye'de 1990'lı yıllarda Aziz Nesin'in eserlerinin çevirilerinde patlama yaşanmasının arkasındaki olası sebepler araştırılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın genel olarak amacı, işlevsel bir kuram çerçevesinde Türkçe-Arapça toplumsal ve siyasi mizah çevirilerini değerlendirmek, çevirmenin bu süreçte oynadığı role ışık tutmak ve sansürü aşma aracı olarak çevirinin önemini ortaya çıkarmaktır.
Translation with digital data: Advertisement translation in the algorithmic age
This study aims to find answers to the questions of how communication, advertisement and advertisement translations have been transformed as an intertwined whole with the technological developments in the digital age. It will explore ways in which this transformation has affected the translation processes and the products of digital texts, and the possible consequences of this transformation for translation studies (TS) and the translation profession. In this regard, the transformation of communication, advertising and translation from past to present is explained by considering the historical, social and technological foundations of this transformation. In the study, today's technologies and how they are used in practice are discussed in the context of communication, advertising and translation with typical examples; a theoretical discussion on current digital advertisement writing and translation practices is made, and how artificial intelligence and algorithms in the infrastructure of the process are explained in the context of advertising content. In addition, there are important inferences and suggestions on translator training such as how such innovations will be reflected in translator training, what awaits the translators of the future and what should be done to prepare them in accordance with the expectations of the sector.
From Skopos Theory to Skopos Discourse: A trioscopic analysis with a panorama of quotations
This study aims to examine the misunderstandings faced by Hans J. Vermeer's Skopos Theory, which was proposed in 1978, through terms, and to reveal the 'discourse' of Skopos Theory based on this analysis. In this direction, in the light of the corpus composed of the works of the creator of the theory and with a literature review that includes criticisms, explanations and comments about the theory, this study is built on three main pillars, namely equivalence, function and text and it focuses on terms that are used with different meanings in different ways such as target-orientedness, function, functionalist, functional, purpose, skopos, optimal, loyalty or adaptation. The quotations in the annex of the study provide the necessary framework for the claims made in the study, the subject of which is theory. This study exhibits a referential structure with quotations that either support or oppose the ideas put forward but that are in a way closely related to the topics discussed; the detailed examination of term usages, on the other hand, provides the study an analytical nature. The ultimate aim is to continue the discussion in response to Holmes' invitation to meta-discussion by bringing a new topic of discussion to the field of translation studies and to bring to light the discourse of Skopos Theory, i.e. Skopos Discourse, which is believed to be hidden within, as the general translation discourse. Key Words: Skopos, Vermeer, equivalence, text, function, functionalist, functional
A descriptive study on the Turkish translations of La Bannière Bleue within the context of "national historical memory construction" and historiography
The subject of this dissertation is to analyze and describe the role played in the "construction of national historical memory" by the translations in the Constitutional and Republican Periods of the historical novel entitled La Bannière Bleue (Paris, 1876-77) by Léon Cahun, which played an important role in introducing the concepts of "Turk" and "Turkism" to the Western public opinion and in Turkish historiography. The prominent features of Turkish nationalism in two different historical periods allow historical researchers as well as those coming from other disciplines to make a conceptual inquiry and description. Approaching the translations of La Bannière Bleue published in two different historical periods in terms of the role they play in the formation of "Turkish nationalism" and "Turkish historical memory" also means describing the formation of "a culture repertoire." In this context, the translated texts in Arabic characters dated 1912 (Gök Sancak) and 1913 (Gök Bayrak) were determined as the Second Constitutional Period, and the first translated text in latin characters (Gök Bayrak) dated 1933 was determined as the research and examination objects of the text within the scope of the Republic period. Since the sources of this historical novel of Léon Cahun, in which he tells about "the oldest Turks" in the context of Central Asian Turkish communities, are historical sources, its acceptability as a historiographic text has been tried to be questioned. The act of "remembering" is "the reconstruction of the past with the help of data borrowed from the present" (Halbwachs 2017, 66). It has been examined by some historiography and memory researchers that historiography can be seen as an act of "reconstructing, reviving, reconstructing, reinterpreting". The act of "reconstructing the past" as an act of remembering brings with "a past that will be endlessly re-described" (cf. Jenkins 1997, 76). Therefore, it become significant to question the fact that the "reinterpreted" past gives birth to "reconstructed histories/pasts" with every different experience. When this fiction is acted upon, it becomes clear that the "construction of national historical memory" in the Turkish target system is an observable phenomenon through translated historiographic texts as well as through historiographic texts. Therefore, it is possible to talk about a "translational historiography repertoire" that approaches and reinterprets the same Turkish history differently. Questioning the different reflections of Turkism/Turkish nationalism through translation in the Ottoman-Republican systems made it necessary for translators to be described as historiographers through translated texts. In both periods mentioned, the traces of how the "national historical memory" was reconstructed through Necip Asım and Galip Bahtiyar, who can be seen as representatives of Turkism, are mentioned. It has also been observed that in the translations of La Bannière Bleue in these two periods, translators translated historiographical texts for "different purposes". It has also been questioned in the context of the thesis how translated historiography texts in the OttomanRepublican systems turned into a "repertoire" in the "construction of national historical memory" and occupied a place in the polysystem. This "transformation" in the OttomanRepublican systems has been approached in terms of the "norms" that determine the translators' decisions within the translation of Gök Sancak and Gök Bayrak. How the textual-linguistic material choices presented by the aforementioned texts contribute to the "construction of national historical memory" or how they prove this "reconstruction" has been evaluated through examples. In the light of "operational norms", it is described by questioning how different "purpose and conditioning" in both periods construct two different "national historical memories" and reveal two different "Turkish historiographic texts". Translations of the historical novel La Bannière Bleue, especially the "Turkist" discourse adopted in the Ottoman-Republican systems, have an important place in terms of their "reconstruction" in line with the political conditions of the period. Considering that La Bannière Bleue is a historiographic text centered on "Turkish nationalism", it can be said that it also reshaped the "Turkish historiographic repertoire" in the Turkish target system. It is also important to examine the features of "reconstructed / interpreted / described / qualified" Turkish historiography in the light of these translations, in terms of presenting a method and approach to other "imported" historiographic texts in the relevant field. Keywords: Historiography, reconstruction, Turkish nationalism, construction of national historical memory, translation historiography repertoire, translation norms
The use of machine translation in high-stakes texts: A case study on guidelines for natural disasters
The rapidly evolving artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies have led to growing concern among translators regarding potential job displacement. In response to this concern, this study evaluates the performance of DeepL Translator and Google Translate in translating Turkish guidelines for natural disasters into English, and explores whether raw machine translation output can be used in such high-stakes contexts. Additionally, it investigates the effectiveness of pre-editing operations in correcting errors in machine translation outputs. Using the MQM (Multidimensional Quality Metrics) framework, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the raw outputs of both machine translation systems. Then, pre-editing strategies were developed for each error. Findings reveal that while both systems produced fewer errors than expected, errors of "major" and "critical" severity levels were present in machine translation outputs, underscoring the unpredictable nature of black-box neural machine translation systems. Pre-editing was found to be effective in addressing a significant portion of errors, with the exception of errors in terminology category. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the indispensable role of human translators in the translation process, despite the advanced capabilities of current machine translation systems.
Profesyonel olmayan sözlü çevirmenlerin akademik ortamlardaki rolü
Nowadays, it can be observed that people get help from not only professional but also non-professional interpreters to meet their needs of interpreting service, which is especially related to the context of community interpreting. People who can speak two languages may take an active role especially in the settings where there is no professional interpreter available. The research focusing on this issue predominantly centers on medical and law settings, whereas a very small amount of the ones which concentrate on education is related to interpreting in university settings conducted by non-professionals. According to the data of Yükseköğretim Kurulu (YÖK) (Turkish Higher Education Council), the number of international students studying in Türkiye in the 2022-2023 academic year is 50.106. 43.784 of these students have studied in private universities and private vocational schools of higher education in Istanbul. This study questions in which language pairs foreign students feel more comfortable while interpreting for their friends, relatives, or fellow countrymen, whether service providers feel confident and remain impartial while translating or not. This thesis tried to shed light on these questions through the answers given to the questionnaire by non-professional interpreting service providers and service receivers. In the light of the answers given by the non-professional interpreting service receivers, it was observed that they felt comfortable receiving the service from non-professional interpreters in the context of higher education and had not faced serious problems yet most of them preferred to receive the service from professionals. In addition, it was concluded that non-professional interpreters who provided the service generally trusted themselves, considered themselves as competent interpreters, however most of them defended that the service should be provided by professionals.
ترجمة الشعر من التركيى إلى العربية: النشيد الوطني التركي نموذجا
This study provides an explanation of the concept of translation in terms of language and terminology, and then moves on to list the types of translation. Then the thesis addresses topics in literature, such as the divisions of Arabic poetry in terms of type (vertical poetry, free verse poetry). Then, on the other hand, the study seeks to shed light on poetry and its types in the Turkish language, to understand the mechanisms of literature and the purposes of its use in various settings. The study then focuses on the possibility of translating poetry from one language to another. Then the study moves to its main topic, which is the translation of the Turkish national anthem, after providing information about the biography of the writer of this poetry (Mehmet Akif Ersoy), and the most important stages of his life, which makes the reader understand the nature of the author of this poetry, and the atmosphere in which his poetry was composed. Then the study explains the reason for the importance of this poetry to the Turkish people, and its extension from the past to the present. The study deals in a systematic and critical manner with the most important translations of this poetry made by Turkish and Arab translators and poets, and seeks to provide a comprehensive explanation of the Turkish national anthem, aiming to provide the Arab reader with the components of this poetry, the motives for its composition, the reasons for its importance, and an explanation of its meanings and events based on the research and studies of Turkish writers, researchers, and historians in this field. Ultimately, the study aims to give Arab poets, who do not master the Turkish language, the opportunity to compose poetry at a level befitting the Turkish national anthem, which is considered a creative translation of it, within a large project that this study establishes and proposes.
Claude Farrere'in La Maison Des Hommes Vivants eserinin Türkçe çevirileri üzerine betimleyici bir inceleme
In this thesis, a detailed comparative and descriptive textual analysis is conducted on two Turkish translations of Claude Farrère's La Maison Des Hommes Vivants (1911): Selim Nüzhet Gerçek's Canvermezler Tekkesi (1921) and Hamdi Varoğlu's Ölmez Adamların Evi (1955). The Gothic horror genre is used synonymously with the Gothic genre, though each has its distinctive features. This can also be said for Selim Nüzhet Gerçek's Canvermezler Tekkesi (1921), which was defined as a horror novel featuring clear Gothic elements. Following the establishment of the genre, the crucial part of this thesis is the examination of differences through a descriptive approach in the said novel and the literary work assumed to be the source text. The aim of this thesis is to examine the translations and describe the translation strategies adopted in different periods. For this reason, identifying them as 'adaptation', 'translation', 'te'lif,' or 're-writing,' depending on their adherence to the source text and culture, or the target culture, becomes important in establishing their differences. Theoretically, the categories of differences are determined based on Gideon Toury's (1995) translational norms, such as character differences, differences in the settings of events, differences regarding the translation of the plot, and additions and omissions in the texts and illustrations. These categories, in which the two translations were compared to the source text, are explained within the framework of Lawrence Venuti's 'foreignization' and 'domestication' strategies. As a result of the comparison between the two translations, it is possible to say that the 1921 translation adopted a strategy that brought it closer to the Turkish language and culture, steering it towards the 'acceptability' pole, while the 1955 translation is closer to the source text and French language, placing it in the 'adequacy' pole.
A comparative study of Turkish translations of David Copperfield
In this thesis, five different Turkish translations of David Copperfield is examined in the context of children's literature. Zohar Shavit's systemic affiliation and Lawrence Venuti's concepts of domestication and foreignization constitutes main focus of this thesis. These concepts are defined and examined. The target texts are examined considering the years in which they are translated and adapted. Considering the years in which the works included in the examination were published, historical background information regarding the period in which the translated works were produced was provided. As a result of this examination, it was determined that omissions were made in the target texts and the texts were shortened to be more understandable for child readers. On the other hand, complex and long sentences were also encountered in some parts of these translations. The mentioned parts show that including these books in the scope of children's literature may not be suitable since they can be incomprehensible for children. It is also seen that domestication and foreignization strategies are used frequently. When the translated texts were examined in the context of the usage of domestication and foreignization strategies, considering the dates of their publication, it was revealed that the domestication strategy was used more frequently in translations published between 1965 and 1985. Based on the findings obtained from this historical and descriptive study, it is possible to say that adult agents have maintained their "decision-making" role in the historical process, and that the acts of translating for adults and translating for children bring about different translation strategies.
Ara dilden yapılan çevirilerde yaşanan kayıplar ve sorunlar üzerine bir inceleme: Halil Cibran'ın "Kırık Kanatlar" romanı örneği
Bu çalışmamızın amacı, çeviriler neden orijinal dilinden değil de ara dilden yapılır? Yapıldığında ne tür tercüme sorunları ve buna eşlik edebilecek diğer yansımalar meydana gelir? vb. sorulara Halil Cibran'ın önce doğrudan çeviri diyebileceğimiz Arapçadan Türkçeye ve Arapçadan Fransızcaya, sonra da ara dil tabir edebileceğimiz Fransızcadan Türkçeye tercüme edilmiş olan "Kırık Kanatlar" romanı üzerinden cevap aramaktadır. Ayrıca, tezimizde Türkiye'de Arapçanın yaygın bir dil olmasına rağmen, neden ara dilin tercih edildiği ve bu tercihlerin ideolojik arka planları araştırılmıştır. Beraberinde, ara dilin tanımı ve geçirdiği süreçler ve çeviribilimdeki yeri incelenmiştir. Ara dil kullanımının ideolojik arka planı ise, özellikle Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarındaki çeviri pratikleri ve siyasi dinamikler üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Son olarak eserin Arapça orijinali ile Fransızca ara dil kullanılarak yapılan çevirisi arasındaki farklar incelenerek, çeviri süreçlerinin daha iyi anlaşılmasını ümit ediyoruz.
Çeviri ve kuramsal tahlil: Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar'ın Boğaziçi Mehtapları adlı eserinden örnekler
Çeviri nesiller arası bilgi aktarımında önemli bir role sahiptir. Özellikle konu edebi eserlerin tercümesi olduğunda muhteva önemli olmakla birlikte bu muhtevanın nasıl ifade edildiği hususu dil kullanımını ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Eserlerde kullanılan dil farklılaştıkça kültürler de değişmektedir ve bu ikisi arasındaki iletişim zayıflamaktadır. İster yazılı olsun ister sözlü, çeviri kültürlerarası iletişimde çeviri oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar Türk edebiyatının önemli yazarlarından biri olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Hisar özellikle Boğaziçi Mehtapları adlı eserinde yaşadığı dönem İstanbul kültürünü ve gündelik hayatın bir kısmını bizlere en ince detaylarıyla tasvir etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar'ın Boğaziçi Mehtapları adlı eserinden örnekler çevrilmiş, bu örnekler ilgili çeviri kuramları ışığında incelenmiş ve ardından bu çeviri üzerine değerlendirme yazısı yazılmıştır.
Evaluating ai-based translation in healthcare: A functionalist analysis of ChatGPT's performance
The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of artificial intelligence-based translation tools like ChatGPT in the field of healthcare within the framework of the functionalist approach. Access to accurate and comprehensible information in healthcare is crucial for patient awareness and treatment processes. The safety of patients and their access to reliable information can be jeopardized due to mistranslations. In this thesis, ChatGPT's performance in translating informative texts in the healthcare domain is analyzed within the framework of the Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM), developed by TAUS and is widely used for evaluating machine translation quality. The study aims to examine the strengths and weaknesses of ChatGPT in selected healthcare texts and evaluate the impact of prompts on translation outputs. Furthermore, the need for human control, the types of errors encountered in translation outputs, and the potential risks of these errors in the healthcare field are addressed. This study seeks to contribute to the literature on the use of artificial intelligence tools for translation purposes and to shed light on the evaluation of translation quality from a functionalist perspective. Additionally, the thesis aims to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence-assisted translation tools and emphasize the importance of human control for reliability and accuracy in medical translations. Keywords: AI-based Translation, ChatGPT, Medical Translation, Functionalist Approach, MQM, Error Annotation
Learning to learn: Translators' post-editing patterns and priming
This study aims to measure the priming effect in the evaluation of two neural machine translation outputs. To this end, an empirical experimental setup based on task-based learning was designed. In the first part, theoretical studies on translation competences were examined in detail and the degree to the theoretical work on competences matched the labor market expectations is emphasized. In the second part, quality assessments, which are the textual projections of these competences, are analyzed. In the third part, professional and domain experience affecting the quality assessment process, different expectations in light and full post-editing processes and competences specified by international standards are examined. The fourth part explains the priming effect observed in the context of MT quality evaluation, post-editing and L2 learning behavior. The fifth part explains experimental setup including a pre-experiment questionnaire and the statistical results of the quality evaluation experiment. The results indicate that several hypotheses are confirmed. However, statistical verification of the two hypotheses requires further data. The experimental results show that the priming effect was partially observed. Significant differences were found between the experienced group and the less experienced group in the quality evaluation process. Based on these results, it is stated that future studies can be conducted on other hypotheses that can shed light on theoretical studies on competencies
Analyzing Pride and Prejudice and Zombies as an intralingual intergenre rewriting as translation
The process of recreating texts and changing their meanings in cultural, historical, and ideological settings is known as "rewriting," and it is an essential concept in translation studies. Rewriting is an important part of the rewriting of literary texts, allowing them to adapt to changing cultural, social, and ideological settings. Parody emerges as an effective instrument for both criticizing and modernizing traditional works in the framework of the cultural turn, which emphasizes the interaction of literature and its broader cultural surroundings. Rewriting a literary text into another genre results in a shift of genre. Especially if the change in question occurs within the same language, this change is examined as intralingual translation. This thesis discusses how Seth Grahame-Smith's Pride and Prejudice and Zombies parodies Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, rewriting Austen's original work within a modern cultural context. The thesis aims to compare these two works in the context of translation studies and literature, and to highlight the dynamic relationship between tradition and creativity in literary rewriting, emphasizing that parody as a genre reflects and challenges the characteristics of the source text. Examining Pride and Prejudice and Zombies as intralingual intergenre rewriting in the framework of translation studies is the core of this thesis. The study analyzes the two works through the lens of rewriting, cultural turn, interlingual, and intergenre translation, focusing on how Austen's Regency-era narrative is transformed to appeal to modern sensibilities. The addition of parodic elements, which combine Austen's social commentary with the grotesque, fantastical, and bizarre aspects of postmodern humor, is essential to this change. Austen's work is recontextualized by this imaginative blending, which also captures changes in literary trends and audience expectations.
House with Wisteria'dan Mor Salkımlı Ev'e: Özçeviri yoluyla kimliğin yeniden inşasında 'muhabbet' kavramı
Self-translation, often only viewed as translating one's own work from one language to another, is a practice that many bilingual writers opt for. Rather than solely being a form of linguistic transfer towards the production of a second original, it can be considered as a more creative act of reconstructing one's personal and national identity with the inclusion of emotions and memory, especially so in the case of the self-translation of autobiographical texts. The study conceptualizes self-translation in the context of Halide Edib's House with Wisteria (2017) and Mor Salkımlı Ev (2014) as a creative process, drawing on Kyria Giorgi's framing of language and emotion as key to identity formation (2014) and Susan Bassnett's contention that self-translation is a type of translation more than duplication (2013). In order to demonstrate how muhabbet serves as both a historically placed emotion that connects personal memories with national belonging and as a personal feeling, Barbara Rosenwein's (2002) notion of "emotional communities" is also used. The thesis challenges the traditional understanding of self-translation by showing how Edib's act of self-translation becomes a tool for reinterpreting personal and national memory. By highlighting the emotional effort that goes into self-translation, this thesis contends that these kinds of works should be examined as complicated places of identity translation and historical reinterpretation rather than only in terms of authorship or faithfulness.
From prompts to precision: A comparative experimental study of translation quality outputs with focus on role-based (Persona) prompting for medical texts
With the advancements in artificial intelligence-driven machine translation activities, designing prompts for large language models for translation task is an area that recently has gained interest in translation literature. The effectiveness of assigning personas into prompts, however, is a subject that needs further research in medical/pharmaceutical texts domain. In response to this gap, this study aims to evaluate the impact of offering role-based (persona) prompts to large language models. By doing so, the research assesses the quality of translation outputs of role-prompted large language models against 3 different source texts with pharmaceutical content, while comparing these outputs to zero-shot prompted models alongside the outputs from long-rooted conventional neural machine translation system: Google Translate. While evaluating automated metric scores such as BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy) and COMET (Crosslingual Optimized Metric for Evaluation of Translation) from the machine translation outputs, I performed TQE (Translation Quality Evaluation) analysis through a customized TQE error-typology tool, motivated and inspired by MQM (Multidimensional Quality Metrics) framework. Therefore, this study tries to discover how effective role-based prompts are in medical/pharmaceutical domain translation with both a quantitative and also a qualitative approach, as I believe that such a hybrid approach is essential for a solid oversight of quality. Lastly, the study will include discussions over the widely-discussed concepts of machine translation ethics, translator competence, and human-machine collaboration.
Çevirinin izlerini keşfetmek: Sabahattin Ali'nin Koyun Masalı ve George Orwell'in Hayvan Çiftliği eserlerine çok boyutlu bir yaklaşım
Through the frameworks and concepts of Translation Studies, this thesis investigates the noteworthy parallels between George Orwell's Animal Farm and Sabahattin Ali's Koyun Masalı (Sheep Tale). Both texts are prominent political allegories that employ irony, satire, and symbolism to critique dictatorship, revolution, and the corruption of ideological principles. The study explores whether Sabahattin Ali may have been influenced by Orwell's allegorical work, examining how these two texts, emerging from different historical and cultural contexts, use the fable genre to convey complex ideological messages. Even though the lengths of the works are different, both employ strikingly similar narrative strategies, character archetypes, and allegorical techniques, produced in the same period, experiencing a world crisis, despite coming from different cultural contexts, Britain in the wake of World War II and Turkey during the early Republican period. In light of these points, this thesis tries to identify convergences that may go beyond simple coincidence by conducting a thorough comparative analysis of literary elements such as story structure, symbolism, and satirical techniques. Using the notions of "imitation", "adaptation", "assumed translation", "interference" and "contact", it questions the conventional boundaries between original literary production, translation and adaptation. The research also positions Sabahattin Ali as a cultural mediator or agent who may encounter and adapt transnational literary approaches, taking into account his translator identity and his confirmed access to Western literary works.
Yeniden çeviri projeleri ve kavramları üzerine sorgulamalar: Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar'ın İngilizceye gizli yeniden çevirileri
Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü (SAE, 1961) by Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar has two distinct English translations: a first translation by Ender Gürol (2001) and a second one by Maureen Freely and Alexander Dawe (2014), both titled The Time Regulation Institute (TRI). The case seems peculiar due to the first translation tagline on the latter, despite a precedent. The question of why prompted a paratextual descriptive study, which led to textual studies of Tanpınar's two novels in English, SAE and Huzur (1949). Thus, the first chapter problematizes the different interpretations of Tanpınar's oeuvre in English through the TRI translations, Inner Peace (2007) by Ender Gürol, and A Mind at Peace (2008) by Erdağ Göknar, employing distinct methodologies for each case based on their characteristics and the further questions asked. Although the nature of the works invokes the concept of retranslation, the investigation into them reveals no convincing explanation for the first translation tagline. The dissertation, then, theoretically claims that both Freely and Dawe's and Göknar's translations qualify as retranslations and approaches them as concealed. Consequently, the second chapter operationalizes this concept based on assumed retranslation, relativized by reinterpreting the target-oriented framework (Toury 2003). The concept is argued to be empirical and justified in view of possible artificial ones (Goodman 1983; Hacking 1999). Given the relativity and proliferation of retranslation concepts, the chapter lastly describes the current retranslation concepts, analyzing 104 articles using a matrix of academic labor (Koskinen 2010) and its categorization loosely constructed as conceptual schemes. It thus aims at a paradigmatic understanding of the emerging concepts for the development of the field (Kuhn 2000). Overall, the dissertation presents two related thesis statements: one on the stances of retranslators and the other on those of retranslation researchers. It argues that the study of (re)translation practice can be beneficial at the meta-level of (re)translation concepts, particularly in terms of researchers' self-positioning based on research purposes and (in)commensurability in light of the potential manipulation of another's concept.
Evaluating state-of-the-art nmt on football tweets with high context: correlating human (MQM) and automated (COMETKIWI-XL) metrics
Adopting a correlation-centered evaluation framework, this thesis investigates how well the reference-free metric COMETKiwi-XL aligns with human MQM 2.0 judgements. Within this framework, the study compares segment- and system-level relationships between normalized MQM points (RQS) and COMETKiwi-XL scores. The sample of the study is English↔Turkish football UGC—tweets rich in slang, abbreviations, emojis, and culture-specific references. A small, domain-focused dataset of 20 tweets (10 per direction) was translated by three machine translation systems (DeepL, ChatGPT-o3, and X Translate), yielding 60 outputs. Three expert annotators applied MQM; category×severity counts were converted to APT → PWPT → RQS (0–1) and then averaged per segment. We compared these human scores with COMETKiwi-XL using Pearson's r and Kendall's τ, at both the segment and system levels. Findings suggest moderate yet inconsistent segment-level correlations, partly driven by floor effects (multiple items with RQS = 0.000) that compress variability. At the system level, MQM and COMETKiwi-XL converge to a larger extent in EN-TR but diverge substantially in TR-EN, yielding a reversed ordering of systems. Regarding MQM error tags, the distribution was balanced across translation directions. Although ChatGPT-o3 generally achieves higher RQS than the other systems, the central takeaway of this study is methodological rather than system-specific. MQM, by design, can reduce poor translations to very low scores, sometimes reaching 0.000, which indicates complete failure. COMETKiwi-XL, in contrast, distributes outputs on a smoother scale, placing scores closer together and reflecting quality differences in a more gradual manner. Given the limited size and single domain, the results should be interpreted cautiously. Even so, they provide some indications of how human-in-the-loop MQM and a reference-free automatic metric might be used together, while also pointing to the need for larger, multi-domain datasets to better examine MQM–COMET(Kiwi-XL) alignment.
Yorumlayıcı çeviri kuramı çerçevesinde haber çevirilerinin incelenmesi
Toplumların sahip olduğu haberdar etme ve haber alma merakı ile çeviri ve habercilik faaliyetlerinin iç içe geçmesi haber çevirisi kavramını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu kavram yeniden yazma eylemini de kendi içinde barındırmaktadır. İçerisinde bir metni yeniden şekillendirebilme gücü taşıyan kavram ise geleneksel çeviri tanımlarının ötesine geçen özelliklere sahiptir. Söz konusu bu tezde, haber çevirisini yürütenlerin yeniden şekillendirme gücünü metinler üzerinde nasıl ve ne şekilde kullandıkları incelenmektedir. Ayrıca bu tez, Seleskovitch ve Lederer tarafından geliştirilen ve çevirmenin kaynak metni, erek kitleye aktarırken anlamı kavrayıp sözcüklerden sıyırarak yeniden ifade etmesini esas alan Yorumlayıcı Çeviri Kuramı ile haber çevirisinde yer alan yeniden yazma kavramı arasındaki ilişkinin tekrar değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Haber çevirisinde metinlerin yeniden yazım sürecini gözlemlemeyi amaçlayan bu çalışma, BBC'nin 7 Ekim sonrası yaşananları ele aldığı Arapça, İngilizce ve Türkçe haberler ile çevirilerini analiz ederek elde edilen bulgularla çevirmenin diller arası aktarımın ötesinde okurun zihin dünyasını yeniden şekillendirebilme gücüne sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Haber, haber çevirisi, Yorumlayıcı Çeviri Kuramı, yeniden yazma
A descriptive analysis of the Turkish Translation (2021) of the Guideline 'Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) (2020)' from a terminological perspective
This study conducts a descriptive content analysis of the Turkish translation (CoE, 2021b) of the educational guideline Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) (CoE, 2020). The research adopts Toury's (2012) translation norms as its theoretical framework and Vinay and Darbelnet's (1995) translation procedures as its methodological tool. Aiming to uncover the guiding norms behind the relevant translation, the macro-level analysis explores the translational background and (in)tolerance for linguistic mediation, while the micro-level analysis addresses the parenthetical and terminological treatments. At the macro-level, the translation policy was driven by an implicit political motivation to harmonise the national implementation of language education with European standards under the patronage (Lefevere, 2017) of the Turkish Ministry of National Education. There was neither a practical need nor an institutional motive for linguistic mediation; however, textual mediation was tolerated to legitimise terminological preferences. At the micro-level, parenthetical interventions were employed for conceptual clarifications, anaphoric references, and terminological explanations. Literal translation (n=103) and calque (n=70) emerged as the dominant procedures. Out of 100 corpus terms, 36 exhibited polyonymous behaviours through one-to-many, many-to-one, and/or paratextual inconsistencies. Overall, the research results reflect a strong inclination for source-oriented strategies (direct [n=194] versus oblique and supplementary [n=93]), positioning the Turkish CEFR (CoE, 2021b) towards the adequacy direction.
Introduction of a new sub-genre into the Turkish literary polysystem through translation: Webcomics in print
The aim of this study is to investigate the transfer of webcomics in print as a new sub-genre into the Turkish literary polysystem through translation. To this end, Itamar Even-Zohar's Polysystem Theory (1978) is adopted in order to define and describe the position of webcomics both in the source and target cultures. Furthermore, Klaus Kaindl's (1999) typology for translation procedures, Javier Franco Aixelá's translation strategies for culture-specific items (1996) and Lawrence Venuti's concepts of foreignization and domestication (1995) are adopted so as to examine which translation strategies are employed in the Turkish translations of webcomics in print. For the purposes of this study, two books composed by Sarah Andersen titled Adulthood is a Myth (2016) and Big Mushy Happy Lump (2017) and two books by Nick Seluk titled Heart and Brain (2015) and Heart and Brain Gut Instincts (2016) will be analysed in comparison to their Turkish translations titled Büyümek Diye Bir Şey Yok (2017), Musmutlu Yumuş Yumak (2018), Kalp ve Beyin (2017) and Kalp ve Beyin İç İşleri (2018), respectively. Findings will be presented in order to explore which strategies have been most frequently adopted in the Turkish translations. The study concludes that orthographic adaptation and repetition are the most frequently used micro-translation strategies in the Turkish translations. The study also highlights that the macro-translation strategy of foreignization prevails in the translations owing to the Turkish translator's diligent endeavour to use various conservation strategies to retain the source-texts' humorous style during the transfer of humorous elements to the Turkish language.
Temporal and technical effort in post-editing compared to editing and translation from scratch
The aim of this thesis is to compare the temporal and technical effort spent by translators to post-edit machine translation outputs with editing and translation from scratch. The research also compares a statistical machine translation engine specially trained for the experiment with a public neural machine translation engine. For the purposes of the thesis, a sample of higher education students took part in an experiment in which they had to post-edit machine translation output, edit human translation, or translate from scratch from English to Turkish. The experiment was conducted with news texts on a common computer-assisted translation tool. The amount of time participants spent editing sentences and the amount of editing they did were quantitatively measured. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the specially trained statistical machine translation engine and the neural machine translation engine. It was found that the participants spent more technical and temporal effort when translating from scratch and editing human translation than post-editing machine translation. This thesis aims to serve as a guide for stakeholders in evaluating the benefits of post-editing, a relatively new service in the translation industry, for the client, the project and the translator, and to encourage much-needed similar studies in this language pair.
Translation studies and remakes: A case study on translation of culture specific items in Turkish remake of TV series Shameless (US)
Considering its field of study, translation studies is quite suitable for interdisciplinary work and remakes are one of them. Remakes took their place in the history of cinema with the movie Un partie de cartes in 1896. The involvement of remakes in the field of translation studies took place much later. This situation has caused a scholarly gap in the field of translation studies considering that the remakes are widely used in the media outlets of today's world. The aim of this study is to examine remakes in order to contribute filling this gap and to analyze how culture specific items (CSIs) are transferred in remakes. To this end, the TV series Shameless (US) and its Turkish remake Bizim Hikaye are analyzed. CSIs in the source and target series are identified and analyzed according to Pedersen's (2005) translation strategy model. It was found that, in line with the unique characteristic of remakes, translators mainly preferred target oriented translation strategies in translating CSIs and translation was highly influenced by the socio-cultural characteristics of the target culture, especially in the translation of certain sub-headings. It was demonstrated that almost all translation strategies, due to the nature of remakes, aim to bring the source text closer to the target text. The translation strategies include complete omissions as well as situational paraphrase and cultural substitution. In parallel with the socio-cultural characteristics of the target culture, a particular pattern has been identified in the strategies utilized in the translation of sexuality and taboo related items, brand names and CSIs in the religious context. It has been revealed that this pattern detected in the use of translation strategies also affects the narrative of the story and makes the target series a TV show that considers social sensitivities more than the source series.
Cinsel içerikli mizahın yeniden çevrimi: Amerikan durum komedisi "The Nanny" ve Türkçe yeniden çevrimi olan "Dadı" dizisi üzerine bir vaka çalışması
Technological developments and communication through media have brought a new dimension to translation studies and emerged Audio-Visual Translation. Expanding usage of media in our daily lives has caused AVT to gain even more importance and led attention to be drawn to AVT. Although research on this field has increased recently, remake as an unconventional form of AVT, has been incorporated into translation studies in the last decade and needs to be problematized and studied. This thesis aims to investigate the transfer of sexrelated humor (SRH) in remakes. Delabastita's strategies are adapted for the translation of sex-related humor in order to reveal the overall orientation in transferring SRH. This thesis also illustrates an in-depth analysis of the translation methods commonly used to successfully deal with difficulties encountered in humor translation and to convey the humorous effects to the Turkish audience. The American sitcom series The Nanny's Turkish remake Dadı, pioneering the sitcom remakes in Turkish television history and being one of the longest-running sitcom remakes between 2000 and 2010 has been chosen as the subject of the thesis. Results clearly reveals that the SRH elements were mostly conveyed and transferred in the remake. However, the methods used during the transfer of SRH were mainly target-oriented. It was also concluded that SRH was recreated taking into account socio-cultural and institutional norms. In addition, there is a tendency to convey SRH in an implicit way. Removing and omitting SRH mostly occurred in examples where children took part in the SRH. On the contrary, explicitation took place mainly for compensation purposes. Keywords: Audiovisual translation, humor translation, remake, sitcom, The Nanny, Dadı
Translation of adult-oriented humour in children's animated movies: A corpus-based study
The aim of this thesis is to examine the translators' strategies in translating adult-oriented linguistic humour in children's animated movies. The research presents a corpus-based mixed study which draws insights from humour translation, translation of children's literature (most especially the address problem in children's literature), and audiovisual translation. The corpus-data was collected from forty Hollywood-made animated movies released between the years of 2010-2019. In order to distinguish a humorous instance as adult-oriented, Akers' (2013) adult humour filters were applied to the source and target data. The translation strategies applied to the target movies were categorised in accordance with their functions as retainment, replacement, and omission. The classification of translation strategies used in this study was developed relying on the available translation strategies of Delabastita's (1996) for puns, Leppihalme's (1997) for allusions, and Mateo's (1995) strategies for irony. Further, the data were interpreted both qualitatively in accordance with Asimakoulas (2004) theoretical model for the translation of humour and quantitively. The analysis of the corpus-data revealed that in order to preserve the adult humour, the most successful translation strategies belong to Replacement Set while the least successful translation strategy set is Omission Set. According to the overall results, the general tendency is towards the elimination of adult humour. The thesis aims to contribute to the field of humour translation through initiating an attempt to come up with a guideline for translators in order to overcome possible issues while translating linguistic adult humour in works aimed for children.
Sports translation in Turkey: A comparative textual analysis about cycling on Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye
In our modern era, the term sports occupies a big place in people's lives and the translation of sports texts is related directly to this term. From professional purposes to hobby activities, the significance of sports and communication rises more and more. Although some certain popular branches stand out when it comes to sports translation, it is possible to realise that there are indeed some fields which are open for improvement in terms of translational analysis, and the translation of cycling sport is one of them. Therefore, cycling and its population create an important combination for cycling sport in Turkey. This thesis aims to enlighten the current situation of cycling sport as a sports branch and the translation of cycling sport in Turkey. Regarding this fact, the magazines Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye, which has the copyrights of Cyclist UK, have been chosen to form the corpus for this study. As the original source language is English and the target language is Turkish, an analysis will be performed regarding the language use and translational approaches. Terminology transferring strategies will be found out, and the general situation of cycling sport in Turkey and the approaches in the translation of cycling sport will be revealed through the analysis of the current 12 issues of Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye magazines. In addition to the detection of the strategies used in the transfer of the terminology belonging to cycling sport, this study also aims to make a content comparison on the translation of popular texts about cycling sport. Under sports translation and in the exclusiveness of the translation of cycling sport, the contents of Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye magazines will be compared. Similarities and differences in the contents of those magazines will be emphasized. Consequently, the situation of cycling translation in Turkey will be emphasised. In conjunction with the cycling terminology and the cycling texts which have been translated into Turkish, Vinay & Darbelnet's translation procedures' and Skopos theory will be followed. Keywords: sports translation, cycling, cycling terminology, cycling publications, translation strategies
Translating idioms in children's literature : A case study on Jeff Kinney's diary of a wimpy kid series
The focus of this study is on the translation of idioms from English to Turkish in Jeff Kinney's Diary of a Wimpy Kid Series. The study aims to identify different types of idioms and describe the translator's idiom translation procedures in the target text. In this study, descriptive analysis is applied to examine the types of idioms and translation strategies used in the books to translate the idiomatic expressions. The data is analyzed by classifying the types of idiomatic expressions, using McCarthy and O'Dell's (2002) framework of idiom types. In addition, the data is analyzed by using Venuti's concept of domestication and foreignization (1995). The examples from this study are evaluated by classifying each sentence that has idiomatic meaning according to the theory, marking the example by considering the most have idioms, explaining the types of idioms and explaining the strategies employed by the translator in translating the books. The translator employed Mona Baker's (2011) idiom translation strategies, with translating the idiom by paraphrase being the most common.
A comparative analysis of the Turkish translations of Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964) is regarded as a children's classic extensively read by children worldwide. Dahl's unique storytelling techniques, neologisms, intriguing plots, and stylistic features earned him worldwide recognition as one of the most prominent children's authors. Therefore, it is essential to examine how it was translated by two different translators for the same publishing house and received by Turkish children's literature readers. This study aims to make a thorough translation analysis of the book within Raymond van den Broeck's translation criticism model, with an attempt to pave the way for further research on the translation of children's literature and its translation criticism. Translation of children's literature requires serious consideration of its audience. Translating for children is considered an easy task; however, it is as complex and demanding as translations of adult literature. To this end, a masterpiece of the genre, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964) by Roald Dahl and its two Turkish translations by Makbel Oytay (1989) and Celal Üster (2006) is going to be analyzed and compared in accordance with Broeck's translation criticism model. Within this framework, cultural and cross-cultural elements in the book will be analyzed, the translators' choices will be evaluated, and the translators' possible reasons for using numerous translation strategies when translating the culture-specific terms will be discussed. In addition, the transmission of the translation of linguistic and extra-linguistic elements in the source text is examined and compared. This thesis also uses Aixela's translation strategies and aims to specify the choices made by the translators based on Broeck's framework. The study results conclude that there are significant differences between the source text and target texts in terms of stylistic, lexical, and cultural elements between the source text and target texts.
Automatic captioning translation: Human names
YouTube is a popular website on which audiovisual content can be consumed and shared online. YouTube provides its users with an automatic captioning service which creates captions for their videos along with an auto-translate service which translates the captions into any preferred language out of 109 languages including Turkish. These services tend to produce inadequate output. In this study, proper nouns and human names have been examined within the scope of automatic captioning translation from English to Turkish. With this aim, data excerpts from a YouTube video were selected on an exemplary basis to be analyzed in terms of speech recognition and machine translation perspectives via the concept of translation adequacy and translation strategies. The analysis demonstrated several striking findings with regard to YouTube's automatic captioning translation and their implications were evaluated via Relevance Theory within the scope of Audiovisual Translation.
Analysis of terminology in the translations of defence industry texts
YILDIZ ÖNER, Saniye. Analysis of Terminology in The Translations of Defence Industry Texts, Master's Thesis, Ankara, 2020. In the new world order, defence Industry has been one of the most vital factors in determining economic and political power of the countries due to the increasing need for security. Therefore, innovation and modernization are continuously needed to maintain technological sovereignty in defence industry and role of translation is indispensable in the provision of the continuity of these developments and changes. The fact that this field of industry plays a crucial role in the struggle of a country against global threats and keeping up with the new developments around the world necessitates the transfer of technology that brings about the need for enormous translation work, giving rise to the emergence of lots of new concepts and terminology, which is crucial for common language used by the shareholders in the production and management of technology. This brings forth a new dimension in the field of terminology management, and the problems regarding the terminology management in defence sector must be handled with an academic mind style. This thesis aims at raising awareness about the need for accurate and standardized terminology by means of analyzing the procedures employed in the translation of defence industry terms where high use of borrowing procedure, and existence of nonstandardized terminology are observed. To that end, firstly, the overall comparison of the source and the translated texts is made within the scope of Skopos theory to see if translated texts are acceptable and to see to what extent the translation serves the purpose. Then, the analyses are made both at the syntactic and lexical levels that will provide a closer look at the appropriateness of the equivalances in the target language. With the aim of revealing all procedures used in the translations of defence terms, product catalogues of Presidency of Defence Industries were examined in detail. All detected terms were recorded with their translations. A set of terms were analyzed in light of Vinay and Darbelnet's translation procedures, and frequently used procedures were determined and their appropriateness was reviewed. Finally, a glossary of terms was presented to provide a supplementary material emphasizing the need for a comprehensive dictionary of defence industry terms for standardized use of terms and providing insight for the future studies on translation and terminology in this sector. Keywords: Translation of Defence Industry Texts, Skopos Theory, Translation Methods of Vinay Darbelnet, Terminology
Shifts in the translation of speech scripts: Case study on historical speeches
Public speaking has always been an important means of communication. People have expressed their ideas, tried to persuade other people, gave information on a specific topic via public speaking throughout the history. Events that have a historical importance lead to public speaking occasions. In fact, in some cases, such speeches lead to historically important events. Therefore, the contents of these speeches are important, not only for the people who speak the same language with the speaker but also for all people in the world. Hence, the translations of such speeches are also important. In the translation process, linguistic shifts may occur because of the differences between the languages. The concern of this study is to analyse the scripts of historical speeches and their translations and to find what sort of shifts take place during the translation process according to the theory proposed by John Catford in 1965. To do so, the scripts of speeches delivered by important people in the history, which are published in a book written by Ali Çimen and published by Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Publishing House) entitled "Tarihi Değiştiren Konuşmalar" (Speeches That Changed the History), and their original English texts from the website of www.americanrhetoric.com are used as the data collection materials. A comparative analysis is carried out between the ST-TT pairs, where various shifts are identified. After the shifts are identified, they are classified as 'obligatory' or 'optional' within the scope of the relevant literature. Finally, the translations are evaluated as 'adequate' or 'acceptable' as put by Gideon Toury in 1995. It is found that optional shifts by the translators make the TTs target-oriented and thus, 'acceptable'. It is believed that this study will make a contribution to the literature regarding shifts in translation in historical speeches having given direction to a large scale of communities.
Translating the self-translation: A study of selective Turkish translations of Samuel Beckett's waiting for Godot
Translation is perceived as a process of transferring a message from ST to TT. This process may be written or verbal or even intersemiotic. The general concept is that the creator of the ST and the creator of the TT (the translator) are different, but this may not always be the case. Though quite rare, the creator can be the translator, which leads us to the notion of "self-translation". In this study, a renowned self-translation, Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett, is described and analysed. The life and epoch of the author Samuel Beckett, his unique style and correspondingly drama translation are also included to frame the analysis. After a brief overview of these concepts, the selected examples from the Turkish translations of the book are examined within the framework of the translation theories on drama translation suggested by various translation scholars, particularly by Susan Bassnett and Mary Snell-Hornby and classified according to translation procedures by Peter Newmark. In the Turkish setting, the work referred to was translated several times (retranslations) and the STs differed. Several editions were translated into Turkish from French, several from English and some translators chose to translate the work using both the French and the English versions. This resulted in differences in various editions. In the light of the examples, the effects of the self-translation on the translation process in a third language are discussed.
Evaluation of adaptation training provided by the Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization: Patient guides within the context of healthcare interpreting training in Turkey
Communication barriers and cultural differences are significant problems for people moving to a new society and encountering many challenges in getting access to public services. Especially a displaced population experience difficulties in communicating with the officials and the host society especially in health settings where human health is concerned. Therefore, these people seek the help of healthcare interpreters to mediate and provide communication between the interlocutors for more comprehensive mutual understanding in medical interaction. In this regard, healthcare interpreter training has vital importance in providing quality interpreting services and delivery in interpreter-mediated encounters. With this framework, this study aims to evaluate the adaptation training provided to patient guides by the Ministry of Health and World Health Organization as a part of the "Adaptation Training to Turkish Health System for Syrians under Temporary Protection" under "Sıhhat Project (namely, Improving the Health Status of the Syrian Population under Temporary Protection and Related Services Provided by Turkish Authorities) within the context of healthcare interpreting training. This study investigates the socio-demographic and professional profiles of patient guides who have received the adaptation training, their opinions on receiving healthcare interpreting training as well as the opinions and needs to learn the new interpreting related subjects to be included in the curriculum, also the patient guides' opinions and level of satisfaction on the training they received. A descriptive method was used in this study. The questionnaire was administered to the sample group of the study who are 64 patient guides recruited in health facilities in Ankara to collect their opinions and information which were analyzed for the purpose of the study. The study results seem to reveal that the socio-demographic and professional profiles of the patient guides and indicate that they are eligible for receiving upper-level healthcare interpreting training. They also revealed that the patient guides have mostly positive opinions and their needs on the inclusion of new minimum crucial interpreting-related subjects in the curriculum. Moreover, the study presents some aspects to be improved through investigation of their opinions presented and level of satisfaction on the training received.
Translation of medical terms in light of Vinay and Darbelnet's translation procedures: A case study on medical thrillers the Apprentice and the Sinner by Tess Gerritsen
The history of medicine dates back to ancient civilisations and the field of medicine has always been valued greatly. Each civilisation or community has developed their own methods, procedures, or remedies to overcome various health problems. Translation have played a significant role in transferring this valuable knowledge up to date. In return for being referred to as a very old field of scientific translation, medical translation has its own challenges to offer to translators. Medical language has distinctive features that draw attention, such as high number of acronyms, eponyms, Latin and Greek roots, prefixes and suffixes. However, these very characteristics also pose difficulties for translators and require special caution. Notwithstanding, medical content is not only included in health-related informative texts, but it may also heavily be found in fictional works. The Apprentice and The Sinner by Tess Gerritsen are reviewed in this thesis regarding the intense use of medical content, considering it may cause a dilemma for translators not only due to the medical language itself but also because of their respective target audience and the professions of main characters. In this sense, Vinay and Darbelnet suggest a number of translation procedures that may help translators to overcome challenges. In order to detect the procedures and techniques applied while translating medical terms, these books are meticulously read and scanned, and all medical terms are noted with their Turkish translations. A total of one hundred randomly selected medical terms are reviewed in light of Vinay and Darbelnet's procedures, the methods that are used the most vii are identified, and it is discussed to what extent translators apply direct translation methods, as prescribed by Vinay and Darbelnet. Furthermore, other possible translations, as applicable, are provided with an aim to guide translators and help them to minimise potential mistakes made during translation process. Keywords: Medical Terms, Tess Gerritsen, Medical Language, Medical Translation, Vinay and Darbelnet's Translation Procedures
A comparative analysis of the challenges encountered in literary and audiovisual translation of science fiction: A case study on Ready Player One by Ernest Cline
The genre of science fiction has relatively been very popular in literary and audiovisual fields in recent years. However, the academic literature related to the science fiction genre is rich in terms of the number of published articles but those which are related to translation, especially into Turkish, are very few. In this regard, this study primarily focuses on the literary translation of Ernest Cline's Ready Player One by Taylan Taftaf, the fan subtitle translation of the film Ready Player One into Turkish by Hasangdr & X@nder, and professional subtitle translation by Aycan Soner. This thesis primarily attempts to shed light on the challenges that the translators encounter while translating the science fiction terms, to analyze the translation strategies to map out the overall translation orientations of the translators, to reveal any differences or possible systematic preferences that the translators exhibit, and to detect the possible justifications and motivations behind the translators' decisions. To that end, the translations of 30 science fiction terms are analyzed in the light of Cintas and Remael's (2007) subtitling strategies, and then the translational decisions of the translators are evaluated within the theoretical framework of the orientation norms put forward by Pedersen (2011). Ultimately, it has been found that the literary, professional subtitle and fan subtitle translators have adopted a source oriented approach when transferring the science fiction terms. However, the study has also found that the fan subtitle translators might produce more acceptable translation since they generally do not need to translate in accordance with the professional rules followed by the professional subtitle translator and literary translator. In conlusion, contrary to the general assumption despite the similar constraints, the lower rate of similarity has been found between the translation strategies of the fan subtitle translator and professional subtitle translator while the higher rate of similarity has been detected between the translational decisions of the literary translator and the professional subtitle translator. Keywords: science fiction, audiovisual translation, literary translation, fansubs, professional subtitles, Ready Player One, subtitle translation.