Yabancı dil öğretimi
1,838 theses under this subject heading
The effectiveness of using morphological analysis as a vocabulary learning strategy
This study attempts to investigate the effectiveness of explicit instruction of morphological analysis on developing EFL high school learners' capacity to learn new vocabulary and the relationship between the morphological analysis and their learning styles. The study was a quasi-experimental research and a pre-posttest experimental and control group design was used. Prior to the implementation of the study, the participants (N=38) were administered Oxford's Quick Placement Test and Nation's Vocabulary Size Test in order to evaluate and compare their level of proficiency and readiness. To collect the data, Morphological Analysis Test was designed and implemented in order to test participants' existing morphological knowledge before the intervention and their acquired morphological knowledge at the end of the intervention. During the intervention, the experimental group was instructed fifteen prefixes and roots via morphological analysis while the control group only received a word list of the same target words and learned them through the traditional ways of vocabulary learning such as memorizing or using a dictionary. Following the instruction process, the experimental group was given a questionnaire about learning styles. Results revealed that the mean scores of the experimental group surpassed those of the control group in the post test condition. Thus, it can be suggested that morphological analysis is more effective in vocabulary learning than the memorization of the target words. According to the results of the questionnaire, experimental group has right-brain dominance and global learning style while morphological analysis is often related to analytical thinking and left-brain dominance. Considering all of these, this research study sheds light on the role of morphological analysis as an alternative vocabulary learning strategy in EFL high school curriculum.
The use of other-initiated self-repair patterns by adult learners in an English speaking course
English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) has a significant impact in order to be able communicate with native and non-native users of the language. In relation to this, it is clear that speaking has become one of the challenging and substantial skills in the process of teaching English as a foreign language (EFL). Although it is considered that the learners might be interrupted for the mistakes to be corrected by the instructors in English spoken interaction, it is noticed that the learners may modify the mistakes by themselves with the help of certain hints that is denominated as the other-initiated self-repair (OISR) organisation of conversation analysis (CA) methodology. Considering the studies in Turkey, it has been realized that there are certain studies in relation to the repair types. Nonetheless, OISR organisation in the English spoken interactions of the academicians who are adult learners are not researched in Turkey. Therefore, this study investigates the use of OISR patterns by the adult learners in a speaking course. The study also aims to discover presumptive reasons about why the adult learner utilise OISR organisation. The study was accomplished in the spring term of 2019 at Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University. 12 adult learners who were the academicians at the university attended to the B1 level English speaking course. For the study, the 16 hours of video-based recordings and 7 semi-structured interviews were utilised as instruments. The video recordings were transcribed in the method of CA with the Jeffersonian transcription notation and analysed in different categories of OISR whereas the interviews were transcribed and categorised under the terms of the content analysis. The study demonstrates that the adult learners utilise the different categories of OISR patterns in their interactions. Furthermore, it is notified that the troubles emerged by the adult learners are discovered by the scaffolding of the teacher and the classmates, and the flow of the speech and negotiation of meaning are provided by the self-repair.
The use of EBA (Education Information Network) in teaching vocabulary and grammar to efl young learners
In our rapidly changing world, technology and the Internet have created new and important opportunities to foster foreign language learning. Digital technologies used in language education have enabled students to improve communication and collaboration skills in a student-centered environment. In parallel with these developments, educators and researchers have shown a growing interest in online tools and platforms to evaluate learning through online studies in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the effects of online follow-up activities conducted through EBA, a digital learning platform, on student success and to identify EFL young learners' perceptions and attitudes towards these activities. For the study conducted in 2019-2010 education year, 32 4th grade students (aged 7-8) at a primary school in Muğla were selected as participants and divided into two groups as experimental (N=17) and control (N=15) groups. During the 7 weeks process, the experimental group performed online follow-up activities while the control group followed traditional ones. To meet the objectives of this study adopting embedded mixed method design, data were gathered quantitatively from vocabulary and grammar achievement test applied as pre-test, post-test and delayed test, and qualitatively from semi-structured student interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 programme with independent and paired samples t-tests, and qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings revealed that the levels of vocabulary and grammar achievement and retention of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group; however, these results were not statistically significant. On the other hand, the findings from the delayed tests showed that the experimental group performed significantly better than their post-tests unlike the control group i.e. traditional activities were not efficient in retention of language items as much as online activities. The qualitative data results indicated that online activities affected their ideas about English positively and EBA created an enjoyable learning atmosphere for young learners.
The assessment of speaking skills: Perceptions and reported practices of secondary school teachers
Speaking is a core skill that is fundamental regarding learning English as a second language. Mastering the speaking ability in the target language (TL)is considered a must; thus, the assessment of the speaking skills is highly sought after to ensure the development of the English language learners. In Turkey, there is a perception that even the learners with an adequate and even excellent competency in reading, listening, writing, and a high-level proficiency in English grammar rules have a hard time mastering the speaking skill and implementing it into their everyday life. However, considering students start learning English as early as second grade, the incompetency or inability to speak fluently in the target language indicates a problem that needs to be addressed. A considerable amount of research concerning English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in Turkey has disclosed numerous issues encountered by English language learners and teachers regarding assessing and evaluating the speaking skill. This study aims to scrutinize Turkish secondary school EFL teachers' perceptions and reported practices regarding the assessment of speaking in TL. This research also focuses on problems EFL teachers encounter and their recommendations on the solutions concerning the evaluation of the speaking skill. This paper seeks its answers through the EFL teachers' responses who work at EFL departments in a Turkish context. The qualitative data in this study was derived within two phases. In the first phase of the research, a questionnaire with open-ended and "yes or no" questions completed by 42 participants, and a focus group interview conducted with seven volunteers. Based on the thematic analysis of the participants' answers who contributed to the questionnaire and the focus group interview, the following results have been revealed. EFL teachers reported that they encounter several setbacks during the implementation of the speaking assessment process such as class size, time restrictions, the objectivity of assessment, finding the right tools for evaluation, focusing on the proper assessment criteria, speaking and test anxiety students go through and making sure that the assessment is fair, valid and reliable. Diversity in activities, personalization of assessment tools and activities according to the student differences, effective use of corrective feedback to prepare students for speaking assessment, focusing on the right grading criteria and use of target language in the classroom to ensure students get substantial exposure was deemed as solutions to make the English speaking assessment process more efficient. Lastly, EFL teachers stated that for the assessment of the speaking to be effective, the professional development of the educators is also required.
Özetleme becerisi öğretiminin üniversite İngilizce hazırlık sınıfı öğrencilerinin okuduğunu anlama ve okuma stratejileri üstbilişsel farkındalık düzeylerine etkisi
Bu araştırmanın amacı özetleme becerisi öğretiminin üniversite İngilizce hazırlık sınıfı öğrencilerinin okuduğunu anlama ve okuma stratejileri üstbilişsel farkındalık düzeylerine etkisini incelemektir. Araştırma, nicel ve nitel verilerin bir arada kullanıldığı karma yöntem ile desenlenmiştir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden öntest- sontest kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel çalışma modeli kullanılırken öğrenci görüşlerinin incelenmesinde nitel verilerden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma, 2019-2020 eğitim-öğretim yılında Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu İngilizce Hazırlık Programı ön orta seviye (pre-intermediate) dil seviyesinde öğrenim gören 117 öğrencinin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada öğrencilerin İngilizce okuduğunu anlama düzeylerini belirlemek için araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan "İngilizce Okuduğunu Anlama Testi", öğrencilerin okuma stratejileri üstbilişsel farkındalık düzeylerini ortaya koymak için Mokhtari ve Reichard (2002) tarafından "Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory" (MARSI) olarak geliştirilen, Türkçe'ye uyarlama çalışmaları Öztürk (2012) tarafından yapılan "Okuma Stratejileri Üstbilişsel Farkındalık Envanteri (OSÜFE)" ve araştırmacının özetleme öğretimine yönelik öğrenci görüşlerini saptamak için oluşturduğu yansıtma yazıları kullanılmıştır. Veriler, SPSS 21 paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Nicel araştırma verilerinin analizinde Bağımsız Örneklem t-testi, nitel verilerin analizinde ise içerik analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma ile elde edilen sonuçlara göre özetleme becerisi öğretiminin öğrencilerin okuduğunu anlama ve okuma stratejileri üstbilişsel farkındalık düzeylerine anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Fakat, özetleme becerisi öğretiminin etkililiğine dair öğrenci görüşleri incelendiğinde öğrencilerin genel olarak almış oldukları öğretimin özetleme becerilerinin gelişiminde ve özet yazma ile ilgili kişisel farkındalık oluşturmada kendilerine katkı sağladığını belirttikleri görülmüştür. Anahtar kelimeler: okuduğunu anlama, özetleme becerisi, okuma stratejileri üstbilişsel farkındalık düzeyi, üniversite İngilizce hazırlık sınıfı öğrencileri
Sosyoekonomik düzeyleri farklılık gösteren devlet ilkokullarında 4. sınıf ingilizce dersi programının uygulanabilirliğini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi
Türk Eğitim Sistemi'nde İngilizce Öğretim Programı oldukça önemli ve zorunlu bir programdır. İngilizce öğrenmenin önemi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır bu nedenle İngilizce Öğretim Programı üzerinde yoğun çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmalar sonucunda Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu kararı ile 2013-2014 Eğitim-Öğretim yılında İngilizce Öğretim Programını yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Bu düzenlemeyle kademe olarak İngilizce öğretimi 2. sınıf düzeyinde başlatılmış, yöntem değşikliğine gidilerek İletişimsel Öğretim Yöntemi kullanılmaya başlanmış, dinleme ve konuşma becerileri daha çok vurgulanmış ve teknolojiye daha çok ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bu araştırmanın amacı yeni düzenlenen İngilizce Öğretim Programı'nın sosyoekonomik düzeyleri farklılık gösteren devlet ilkokullarında nasıl uygulandığını incelemek, uygulanabilirliğini belirlemek ve uygulanma başarısına etki eden faktörleri ortaya koymaktır. Bu nedenle, sosyoekonomik durumları farklılık gösteren 3 okuldan ilkokul 4. sınıf düzeyinde 24 öğrenci ve 6 ilkokul İngilizce öğretmeni katılımcı olarak belirlenmiştir. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden gözlem ve görüşme teknikleri kullanılarak veriler toplanmıştır. Çoklu durum çalışması ile birden fazla durum yani sosyoekonomik düzeyi farklı okullar incelenerek bu durumlara ait veriler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Ulaşılan veriler içerik analizi tekniği ile analiz edilmiştir. Bu analizler sonucunda sosyoekonomik düzeyleri yeterli ve kısmen yeterli olan okullarda yani araştırma yapılan okulların çoğunda yeni düzenlenen İngilizce Öğretim Programı'nın etkili bir şekilde uygulanabildiği ve sınıf içi faktörlerin bu duruma olumlu katkıda bulunduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Sosyoekonomik düzeyi diğer 2 okula göre yetersiz olarak nitelendirilen okulda ise sınıf içi faktörlerin yetersizliği sebebi ile İngilizce Öğretim Programı'nın etkili bir şekilde uygulanamadığı belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara dayanarak İngilizce Öğretim Programı'nın araştırmaya katılan okulların çoğunda etkili bir şekilde uygulanabildiği bununla birlikte sınıf içi faktörlerin yetersizliği sebebi ile programın uygulanmasında bütünsel başarıyı sağlayamadığı ortaya çıkmıştır.
Yabancı diller yüksekokullarında görev yapan öğretim elemanlarının genel ve örgütsel sinizm düzeylerinin incelenmesi
Bu araştırmanın amacı üniversitelerin yabancı diller yüksekokullarında görev yapan öğretim elemanlarının genel ve örgütsel sinizm düzeylerini incelemektir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yaklaşımlarından biri olan ilişkisel desen tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu İstanbul'da bulunan altı vakıf ve üç devlet üniversitesi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri Wrigtsman tarafından geliştirilmiş ve H. Ebru Erdost ve diğ. tarafından Türkçeye çevrilmiş genel sinizm ölçeği ve Brandes tarafından geliştirilmiş ve Türkçe çevirisi H. Ebru Erdost ve diğ. tarafından yapılmış örgütsel sinizm ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular sonucunda, vakıf üniversitelerinde görev yapan öğretim elamanlarının genel ve örgütsel sinizm düzeylerinin devlet üniversitelerinde görev yapan öğretim elemanlarının genel ve örgütsel sinizm düzeylerinden daha yüksek olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca öğretim elemanlarının genel ve örgütsel sinizm düzeyleri arasında yüksek düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Bunu yanı sıra, öğretim elemanlarının genel ve örgütsel sinizm düzeyleri ile mesleki kıdem, yaş, medeni hal ve gelirleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunurken, eğitim durumu, unvan, mesleğini sevme ve cinsiyetleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Araştırma sonuçları göz önüne alındığında, öğretim elemanlarının sinizm düzeylerini azaltmak için, mutlu olabilecekleri çalışma koşulları, rahatça fikirlerini ifade edebilecekleri bir çalışma ortamı ve çekinmeden fikir alışverişinde bulunabilecekleri bir yönetim sağlanabilir. Anahtar kelimeler: sinizm, genel sinizm, örgütsel sinizm, genel sinizm ölçeği, örgütsel sinizm ölçeği
Çevrimiçi sosyal ağların yabancı dil eğitimini destekleme potansiyeli: Facebook örneği
Bu araştırmada sosyal ağ sitelerinin yabancı dil eğitimini destekleme potansiyelinin ortaya çıkartılması hedeflenmektedir. Bu bağlamda araştırmacı tarafından dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerinden öğrenen, öğreten ve anadili hedef dil olan katılımcıların yer aldığı "FaceLearning" adlı çok uluslu bir Facebook grubu oluşturulmuştur. Bu grup bünyesinde öğrenen ve katılımcıların daha önceden belirlenen veya doğal ortaya çıkan konular çerçevesinde hedef dilde iletişim ve etkileşim kurmaları sağlanmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomelojik durum çalışmasının kullanıldığı bu araştırmada nitel anket ve görüşmelere ek olarak FaceLearning sayfası alıntılarından elde edilen verilerin söylem analizi, sosyal ağ sitelerinin, Facebook örnekleminde, yabancı dil eğitimi sürecinde destek araç olarak kullanılmasının öğrenme üzerine olumlu ve olumsuz etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Potansiyel olumlu etkiler arasında öğrenme bağlamında yapılandırılmamış öğrenme fırsatları sağlama ve işbirlikli öğrenme olanakları sunma yer almaktadır. Yabancı dil eğitimi bağlamında ise olumlu etkiler yabancı dil öğrenimine karşı olumlu tutum geliştirmeye katkı sağlama, yabancı dil öğrenme motivasyonunu arttırma, anlamlı dil etkinlikleri sağlama ve hedef dile maruz kalma fırsatları sunma yer almaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, sosyal bağlamda öğrenme ortamına olumlu etkiler arasında ise öğrenen-öğrenen ve öğrenen-öğreten ilişkilerini geliştirme fırsatları sunma ve kültürel farkındalık gelişimine katkı sağlama yer almaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, öğrenme üzerine olumsuz etkiler arasında aktif katılımın düşmesi, amaçtan sapma, siber zorbalığa maruz kalma, güvenlik ve gizlilik endişeleri ve son olarak teknik problemler gibi olumsuz etkilere rastlanmıştır.
The effect of modeling on the planning process: A study on reading plans of prospective English language teachers
Lesson planning plays a vital role not only in teaching but also in the teacher training process. However, lesson planning is a painful process for novice teachers and especially prospective teachers. In the English Language Teacher Training Program of Anadolu University in Turkey, prospective English language teachers prepare reading lesson plans in their third year. In order to investigate the effect of modeling on the reading lesson planning process, a research using mixed methods explanatory sequential design was conducted. For the research, 22 prospective English language teachers were asked to participate in the modeling sessions, prepare reading lesson plans, report how they planned their lessons and answer questions for the surveys. The quantitative data obtained through the evaluation of the lesson plans were analyzed using one way ANOVA for repeated measures and t-test for paired samples as a post hoc test. These statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 21. The qualitative data obtained through lesson planning process action lists and surveys were analyzed through Constant Comparison Method. The data revealed the effects of the modeling on the lesson planning process of the prospective teachers.
Yabancılara teknoloji tabanlı Türkçe öğretimi: Dinleme becerisinin kazandırılmasına ilişkin durum analizi
Bu araştırma, Türkçenin yabancı (ikinci) dil olarak teknoloji tabanlı öğretiminde dinleme becerisinin Türkiye'deki durumuna ve geliştirilmesine yönelik bir alan yazın çalışmasıdır. Bu bağlamda, teknolojinin dil öğretimi sürecine girdiği programlı öğretim uygulamasıyla başlanıp 2000'li yılların İnternet tabanlı teknolojilerine kadarki alan yazın taranmış; olumlu olumsuz yanlarıyla teknolojinin ikinci dil öğretimine katkısı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Türkçenin ikinci dil olarak öğretiminde teknolojinin yeterli boyutta kullanılmadığı ortaya çıkmıştır.
Reflection on reflection: EFL university instructors' perceptions on reflective practice
The primary objective of the present study was to engage EFL university instructors in reflective teaching practices through the use of various reflective tools and to find out their perceptions about these reflective teaching practices that they were engaged in. For the research purposes, a total of eight EFL university instructors working at the Foreign Language School of Kastamonu University, Turkey participated in the study. For a regular and systematic implementation of reflective practice, different reflective teaching tools; namely, reflective diaries, reflective video analysis, and reflective peer sessions were used. Prior to the implementation of the actual study, the participants were first trained on how to use the reflective tools. During this training, necessary information about the concept of reflection, significance of reflective practice, and the procedure of the study was given to the participants. After the training, the participants used each of these tools by following the guidelines provided for them beforehand. Data were collected through the qualitative research instruments. After the participants were involved in reflective practices through the reflective tools, they were asked to write a reflection on the use of each tool. Also, a perception questionnaire was administered to the participants in order to identify how they felt and perceived about the reflective practices and the use of reflective tools. Finally, in order to support the data obtained through the reflections and perception questionnaire, the semi-structured interview was conducted with the participants. The qualitative data were analyzed by using the Constant Comparison Method. The results of the study put forward that all of the EFL university instructors benefited much from the current study and were highly pleased with having participated in these reflective teaching practices by means of various reflective tools. These practices were perceived fruitful by the EFL university instructors. Engaging in reflective practices was found as an important opportunity for gaining awareness about teaching skills and practices, increasing self-evaluation and professional growth. The findings also yielded that the participants were positive about all the reflective tools they used throughout the study. However, a few of the participants mentioned some difficulties about reflective diary and reflective video analysis. They reported that the use of reflective diary and reflective video analysis as a way of reflection required much time, effort, and commitment, yet no negative perceptions about participating in reflective peer sessions were found. At the end of the study, the reflective practices increased the instructors' motivation and enthusiasm in order to implement the ideas of reflective teaching for their future professional practices. The participants also realized that reflective practice is an effective method for teacher development, and it can be applied through different ways or tools. Further, they noticed that reflective teaching practices can contribute to professional empowerment if they are implemented in a systematic fashion. The findings were discussed with regard to the previous research. In the light of the research findings, some implications for the effective use of reflective teaching were provided, and suggestions for further studies were offered. Key words: Reflective teaching, reflective diary, reflective video analysis, peer sessions, professional development, Turkish EFL university instructors.
The effect of task-induced involvement load on incidental vocabulary acquisition among ELT students
Vocabulary knowledge is at the heart of language learning as both comprehending and producing messages depend on knowing words. Second/foreign language learners need to acquire a great deal of vocabulary in a limited time to be successful in nearly all aspects of the target language Therefore, a large body of research has been devoted to investigating the best ways to help learners in their endeavour. In recent years, incidental acquisition of vocabulary has been found to be beneficial in expanding vocabulary knowledge. In this regard, how incidental vocabulary can be promoted is an intensely investigated subject. Incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading texts has been found to be facilitated by additional vocabulary tasks drawing the learners' attention to specific words. Therefore, designing the best vocabulary tasks has been an important issue for teachers. In order to address this concern, Laufer and Hulstijn (2001) proposed the Task-induced Involvement Load Hypothesis positing that the absence or presence of three components (evaluation, search and need) in a task determines the overall involvement load level induced by the task. Evaluation is related to learners' judgement on whether a specific word fits into a context. Search explains whether the meanings of words are searched by consulting dictionaries or other sources. Need is the motivational dimension of the construct and explains whether the drive to learn the word is extrinsically or intrinsically exposed. Using the framework of Laufer and Hulstijn (2001), this study aims to investigate the effect of four vocabulary tasks with varying distributions of evaluation, search and need components on incidental vocabulary gain and retention. The subjects were 139 first year ELT students from eight intact classes taking Academic Reading Course in the fall semester of 2015-2016. The subjects were assigned to four groups randomly: fill-in with glossary, fill-in by searching, retelling with glossary and retelling by searching. Two different texts were designed for four tasks. Each text contained 10 target words accompanied by reading comprehension questions. Prior to the implementation of the tasks, the participants' familiarity with the target words was tested through a pre-test which required providing the L1 equivalent or English explanations of the target words. The groups were to complete the reading comprehension tasks and the vocabulary tasks they were assigned to. The fill-in groups completed the gaps in the text with the target words, with or without glossary. The retelling groups wrote their own versions of the text by incorporating the target words, with or without glossary. Once the tasks were completed, the worksheets were collected and an unannounced post-test similar to the pre-test was administered. Similarly, two weeks later, an unannounced delayed post-test was conducted. For marking, each correct answer was counted as 1 and the incorrect ones as 0. Partially correct answers were awarded 0.5 point. The comparison of the groups on immediate and delayed post-tests using one-way ANOVAs showed that the tasks with higher level of involvement load yielded higher vocabulary gain and retention. However, the only significant differences were between retelling by searching and fill-in groups on the delayed post-test, which provided partial support for the Task-induced involvement load hypothesis. Keywords: incidental vocabulary acquisition, involvement load level, task-induced involvement load, vocabulary gain and retention, vocabulary tasks
FL listening comprehension strategy employment of high and low anxious listeners
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between FL listening anxiety and FL listening comprehension strategy use. Also, it was aimed to determine whether there existed a statistically significant difference between high and low anxious listeners in terms of FL listening comprehension strategy use. Furthermore, how high and low anxious listeners employed FL listening comprehension strategies also examined. A total of 79 first year ELT students in Anadolu University, Turkey participated in the study. In order to collect data for the purposes of the study, both quantitative (FLLAS and LCSI) and qualitative (learner diaries and guided interviews) were utilized. To determine FL listening anxiety level and FL listening comprehension strategy use of the participants, FLLAS and LCSI were distributed. Then, participants were trained on how to write effective diaries for the purposes of study. After diary keeping, which lasted for five weeks, participants were divided into three categories according to their FLLAS scores namely, high anxious, moderate anxious, and low anxious listeners. As the purpose of this study was to investigate the FL listening comprehension strategies used by high and low anxious listeners, learners with high and low levels of anxiety were invited to participate in guided interview sessions. As a result of the quantitative data analysis, a statistically moderate relationship was found between the two variables, in that participants FL listening anxiety level increased when their FL listening comprehension strategy use decreased or vice versa. It was also found that high and low anxious listeners employed FL listening comprehension strategies with a statistically significant difference. In other words, the results yielded that both group of listeners used FL listening comprehension strategies at some level however; low anxious listeners used more FL listening comprehension strategies than high anxious listeners. In order to demonstrate in which FL listening comprehension strategies (cognitive, metacognitive, and socioaffective strategies) high and low anxious listeners showed difference, qualitative data collected through learner diaries and guided interviews were analyzed through content analysis method in addition to quantitative data analysis. It was found that low anxious listeners outnumbered high anxious listeners in the employment of FL listening comprehension strategies in all categories i.e. cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, and socioaffective strategies. The analysis of the learner diaries and guided interviews demonstrated that high and low anxious listeners employed FL listening comprehension strategies in different manners. The findings of the current study yielded that FL listening anxiety and FL listening comprehension strategy use affected each other mutually. However, deciding which one affected the other one was a difficult task and beyond of the scope of the study. Nevertheless, as FL listening comprehension strategies can be taught to FL listeners, the strategies used by low anxious listeners can be taught to high anxious listeners to reduce their FL listening anxiety levels. The findings of this study might be viewed as one of the first steps into implementing explicit strategy training into FL listening classes. The findings of the study were presented and discussed with respect to the related literature. Bearing in mind the research findings, some implications regarding the FL listening anxiety and FL listening comprehension strategy use were proposed. Key words: FL listening comprehension, FL listening anxiety, FL listening comprehension strategies, first-year ELT students
The relationship between vocabulary size, lexical diversity, lexical density and efl writing scores: A cross-sectional study
Vocabulary is an important aspect of language learning. Many studies were carried on vocabulary, vocabulary knowledge, vocabulary instruction, vocabulary learning and since 1990s the focus of the studies have shifted on the effects of vocabulary on second language (L2) learning. For Nation (2000) knowing a word includes form, meaning and use. The role of vocabulary knowledge in receptive and productive L2 skills cannot be ignored as it is used in predicting the learners' competence. It is obvious that this would affect L2 learners in expressing their thoughts through productive skills. The aim of the study is to find out the vocabulary size, lexical density and lexical diversity in argumentative essays of Turkish ELT students and to compare these with their writing scores. It is assumed that high vocabulary size, lexical density, and lexical diversity may lead to higher scores. The data, including 309 argumentative essays written by 165 first year and 144 fourth year students, were collected from Anadolu University ELT Department. In order to analyze the data and find answers to the research questions the LFP was used to obtain an estimate productive vocabulary size of the students, the vocd-D was used for lexical diversity of the essays, and the lexical density formula was used. According to the results, among other variables, only lexical diversity was found to have a significant correlation with 1st year students' essay scores and it significantly explained 7.8% of the 1st year essay scores. For the 4th year essays, no significant effect of the variables was found. Moreover, the results also demonstrated that while the variables accounted for 8.7% of the vocabulary scores in the 1st year essays, they did not yield a significant explanation for the 4th year essays vocabulary scores. Therefore, considering the results of the study, it can be concluded that lexical features are not the only factors effecting writing scores. Key Words: Vocabulary size, Lexical diversity, Lexical density, EFL writing, Turkish ELT students.
Communication interculturelle dans l'enseignement de langue etrangere : Analyse des opinions des enseignants à travers les exemples de la France et de la Turquie
Nowadays, the borders among countries are gradually disappearing by the effects of communication technologies and globalization. Therefore, intercultural communication is now a necessity in the international platform. To preserve cultural diversity by developing the concepts of "other" conscious and "respect" to different cultures, with reference to be aware of his/her own culture and to identity-conscious, is among the motives forming the basics of intercultural communication. In that point, as it is stated in The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), current foreign language curriculum should be prepared appropriate to the goal and practices of acquiring intercultural communication skills. Without doubt, the teachers have the biggest responsibility in making students attain these skills as well as in every educational process. The aim of the study is to define, to investigate, and to compare the views of foreign language teachers on international communication. A qualitative case study, which enabled us to define the views of foreign language instructors on international communication skills in foreign language teaching, was carried out to reach that aim. The instructors were chosen from France and Turkey. In this context, twenty instructors, seven instructors from the Department of French Language and six instructors from the Department of English Language of Jean Jaurès University in France, Toulouse, six instructors from the Department of French Language of Anadolu University School of Foreign Language Teaching, in Turkey, were firstly given a questionnaire to obtain their general opinions on the issue. Then, a semi-structured interview, based on the questionnaire, was applied in order to examine the opinions in details. The data was obtained in eighteen months. At the end of the data analysis, five main themes (relationship language-culture, intercultural communication practices in foreign language teaching, difficulties in intercultural communication practices, pedagogic documents, teacher and intercultural communication) and twenty seven subthemes were determined. It was found that cultural identity is an important factor that affects the world view, thought system, language use, and behaviour pattern in society. Nonverbal cues also carry meaning and convey messages between speakers during communication, such as verbal cues. References, arising from cultural differences that vary from culture to culture, sometimes cause different interpretations and even misunderstandings. In foreign language education, intercultural communication skill contributes to the development of the other consciousness that leads the student to recognize and to interact with what is different from himself. Teachers who are an intermediary also among all students who come from different cultures as well as the target and source culture play a leading role in the development of intercultural communication skill in foreign language teaching process. Teacher is responsible for students' recognising their own identity by discovering their cultural codes, and developing the consciousness of other and relativity through the target language-culture. In this regard, all the teachers who participated in the study were observed to have experienced difficulties in including the intercultural approach into their courses, even though they were aware of the function of foreign language teaching of intercultural communication to a certain level. On the other hand, it was revealed that none of the participants received any training on intercultural communication. In our study it was found that the teachers in three different contexts generally agreed upon language-culture relation, intercultural communication practices, difficulties they encountered in these practices, and course materials although each of the teachers gave examples from their own contexts; however, they were found to have disaccorded on the issues such as teacher competence, abroad experience, objectivity and impartiality within the scope of intercultural communication. However, these differences were not found in the comparison groups but among the participants of within each group. Keywords: Intercultural communication, Communication skill, Foreign language teaching, Teachers' opinions
Impact of peer feedback on EFL learners' foreign language writing anxiety and their ideas about peer feedback
The present study aims at researching the impact of peer feedback on foreign language writing anxiety experienced by Turkish prep school students studying EFL and their opinions about peer feedback. To achieve these aims, the participants in the experimental group got training on peer feedback, gave and received peer feedback for nine weeks. 120 participants in both control and experimental groups responded to Second Language Writing Anxiety Inventory (SLWAI) at the beginning and end of the study. Besides, 15 participants from the experimental group were interviewed about their thoughts regarding peer feedback and its impact on foreign language writing anxiety. The study revealed that training and practices on giving and receiving peer feedback had a significant impact on decreasing foreign language writing anxiety. The present study highlighted the idea that peer feedback practice needs to be a well-planned implementation supported with a continuous learner training on how to give peer feedback effectively and efficiently. For the participants in the present study, getting and giving peer feedback was helpful in feeling more relaxed and self-confident as they realized that their peers do similar mistakes and have similar worries during writing. As a conclusion, training and practices on peer feedback have the potential to lead learners to believe that they can be successful by reducing foreign language writing anxiety and increasing their awareness about EFL writing.
The effects of arcs motivational model on student motivation to learn English
The present study was designed to examine the effects of ARCS motivational model (Keller, 2010) on students' motivation and to identify the perspectives of the students related to activities and the teacher behavior that motivates them. For this purpose, ARCS motivational model strategies were inserted to the instructional design via detailed lesson plans and these plans were applied throughout ten weeks. To find out the effects of ARSC model data were collected using two scales. These scales were Course Interest Survey (CIS) and Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS) by John Keller, and they were administered to a sampling of 30 preparatory school students at Namik Kemal University before and after the application of lesson plans. To examine the effects of ARCS motivational model on students' motivation CIS and IMMS results were evaluated using Paired Samples t-test. The results of Course Interest Survey indicated a significant increase since students showed higher course motivation based on the overall CIS results at the end of the study. The Course Interest Survey items were evaluated in terms of each ARCS category and a significant difference was observed in all scales. The results showed that the ARCS model inserted language instruction had positive influence on students' course motivation in all categories. To examine the effects of ARCS strategies on increasing students' motivation in terms of instructional materials the Instructional Materials Motivation Survey results were evaluated. A paired samples t-test yielded a significant difference in students' instructional motivation scores. For a deeper understanding, two subscales of IMMS were assessed separately to identify the difference in mean scores and whether the instructional materials based on ARCS strategies were implemented into the classroom instruction successfully. The results revealed significant differences in both subscales. Students' instructional materials motivation increased. Students' comments that were collected through weekly comments sheet also supported statistical data obtained through both CIS and IMMS. The second purpose of the study was to identify course design features that motivated students most. For this reason, students were asked to write weekly comments sheet and to comment on the effectiveness of the instruction and the type of instructional materials and activities motivated them during the class hour. These were collected by the instructor at the last lesson of each week. Students reported that extra materials such as info-gap, problem solving, picture description, picture and sentence matching etc. activities increased their motivation. Especially vocabulary teaching activities supported with games, listening practices such as songs and videos were suggested as highly motivating. Activities that required learner participation such as pair works, group activities, competitions and games were considerably effective in increasing student motivation. Moreover, activities that allowed students use their creativity and their own ideas were other motivating course design features. Besides class materials, instructor behavior was indicated as relatively motivating. Polite, energetic, enthusiastic, caring instructor behaviors were reported as effective in increasing students' motivation to the lesson. Furthermore, providing constructive feedback, giving verbal praise and providing rewards for accomplishing a difficult task or showing effort were other motivating instructor behaviors. In addition, students reported that frequent student-instructor communication helped them focus their lesson and increased their motivation. KEY WORDS: ARCS Motivational Model, CIS, IMMS, Motivation
The effect of extensive reading on the development of reading and writing skills of english preparatory class students
Language is considered to be learnt effectively in its native environment. However, another useful way is suggested to be reading extensively in that language. Extensive reading has been regarded as a good way of obtaining language proficiency as a supportive activity of language learning process as well. Recent studies (e.g. Davis, 1995; Mason & Krashen, 1997; Bell, 2001; Krashen, 2004; Eskey, 2005; Horst, 2005; Pigada and Schmitt, 2006) have shown that extensive reading is very useful in developing language proficiency and is an effective way of compensation for target language environment in foreign language context. Therefore, extensive reading can be used as an extracurricular activity to meet the need for authentic language input in foreign language teaching. English is taught as a foreign language in Turkey and extensive reading can be a useful way of practicing and developing foreign language skills in Turkey. The main aims of this study were to find the effect of extensive reading on the development of reading and writing skills, to reveal attitudes and perceptions of English preparatory class students and to uncover attitudes of preparatory class main course teachers about an extensive reading project carried out in a high school. Participants of the study were 141 preparatory class students and 6 English main course teachers. Reading logs and Preliminary English Test (PET) scores of the students were compared to find out the effects of extensive reading on reading and writing skills; two questionnaires were applied to the students and interviews were conducted with students and teachers to find out their attitudes and perceptions about extensive reading. The results of the study showed that there was a moderate positive relationship between extensive reading and the development of reading and writing skills of the students. It was revealed that the total number of pages read by the students did not have any significant effect on their reading or writing proficiency. However, there was significant positive relationship between extensive reading and test scores of the students when the results of the top level and lowest level students in PET exams were compared in overall language proficiency. It was also seen that students and teachers believed that extensive reading was beneficial to improve language proficiency, it was motivating and encouraging for students to learn English and improve their language proficiency and extensive reading was an effective way to compensate for the lack of target language environment.
A comparative analysis in written discourse: A corpus-based study on frame marker use in native and non-native students' argumentative essays
Savlama temelli metin yazımı, belirli dil ifadelerinin kullanımı ile düşüncelerin, savların ve karşıt fikilerin okuyucuya belirli bir düzen içerisinde aktarılmasını, söylemin düzenlenmesini ve okuyucu ile başarılı iletişim kurmayı gerektirdiğinden öğrenciler için zorluk oluşturmaktadır. Bu dil ifadelerinden biri olan çerçeve belirleyicileri, yazılı söylemin önemli bir öğesidir ve söylemin açıkça düzenlenmesinde ve savların, karşıt fikirlerin, ve metnin bölümlerinin belirli bir düzen içerisinde sunulmasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Söylemin içeriğinin ve yapısının en iyi biçimde düzenlenmesi en başta çerçeve belirleyicileri ile sağlanmaktadır (Hempel ve Degand, 2006) ve sıralama (ilk olarak, ikinci olarak), yazarın amacını açıkça ifade etme (amacım...niyetim...), metin aşamalarına gönderimde bulunma (sonuç olarak, kısaca), ve konular arası geçişi işaretleme (açısından, şimdi) olmak üzere dört işlevi bulunmaktadır (Hyland, 2005a). Ancak, yazılı metinlerde okuyucuyu yönlendiren ve metnin anlaşılmasını sağlayan çerçeve belirleyicileri kullanımı yabancı dil öğretiminde, yazma derslerinde çok önemsenmemektedir ve İngilizce'yi yabancı dil olarak öğrenen öğrenciler çerçeve belirleyicilerini etkili biçimde kullanmakta zorlanmaktadır ve çeşit olarak az sayıda çerçeve belirleyicisini sık olarak kullanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, İngilizce'yi yabancı dil olarak öğrenen Türk öğrencilerin yazılı metinlerinde üstsöylem düzeyinde çerçeve belirleyici kullanımlarını inceleyen çalışma oldukça azdır. Bu nedenle, Türk öğrencilerin yazılı metinlerini düzenlerken hangi çerçeve belirleyicisini hangi amaçla kullandıklarının incelenmesi sonucunda farklı söylem topluluklarında metnin düzenlenmesinde çerçeve belirleyicilerinin kullanımına ilişkin ortaya konacak bulguların konuya açıklık getirmesi hedeflenmektedir. Ayrıca, anadili İngilizce olan öğrencilerin 'önsezisi'ne güvenmekten ziyade (Nesselhauf, 2004: 125) yazılı metinlerinde tipik çerçeve belirleyicileri kullanımlarının belirlenmesi, Türk öğrencilerin çerçeve belirleyicilerini kullanımları ile karşılaştırılması ve anadili İngilizce olan ve olmayan öğrencilerin kullanım farklılıklarının ortaya çıkarılması hedeflenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, bu çalışma, İngilizce Öğretmenliği Programı'nda okuyan 1. sınıf Türk üniversite öğrencileri ile Amerikalı üniversite öğrencilerinin İngilizce savlama temelli metinlerinde çerçeve belirleyicilerini kullanımlarını, kullanım sıklığı ve işlevleri bakımından incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın amaçları doğrultusunda, Louvain Amerikalı ve İngiliz Öğrencilerin İngilizce Derlemi (LOCNESS)'nden basit rastgele örnekleme yöntemi ile alınan 100 savlama temelli metin ile Türk üniversite öğrencilerinin savlama temelli metinlerinden oluşturulan derlemden aynı yöntem ile alınan 100 savlama temelli metindeki çerçeve belirleyicileri ve sıklığı AntConc 3.2.4. yazılımı aracılığıyla saptanmış ve Hyland (2005a)'in çerçeve belirleyicileri işlev modeli kullanılarak çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumda çalışan ikinci bir araştırmacı ile manuel olarak incelenmiştir. Buna göre, çerçeve belirleyicileri sıralama, metin aşamalarına gönderimde bulunma, amacı açıkça ifade etme ve konular arası geçişi işaretleme işlevleri bakımından incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, sıklık analizi için çerçeve belirleyicilerinin sayı ve yüzdeliklerinin hesaplanmasının yanısıra iki derlemde her 10,000 kelimedeki kullanım sıklıkları hesaplanmış ve iki grubun çerçeve belirleyicileri kullanımı arasında anlamlı fark olup olmadığını belirlemek amacıyla Log-Likelihood istatistik testi yapılmıştır. Çalışma bulguları, her bir derlemde ve iki derlem arasında çerçeve belirleyicilerinin işlevlerine göre kullanım sıklıkları ve çeşitliliğinde farklılık olduğunu göstermiştir. Her iki grupta da sıralama ifadelerinin diğer tüm çerçeve belirleyicilerinden daha fazla sıklıkta ve çeşitte kullanıldığı ve konular arası geçişi işaretleme işlevini gören ifadelerin oldukça az kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, Türk öğrencilerin çerçeve belirleyicilerini Amerikalı öğrencilere kıyasla oldukça sık ve fazla çeşitte kullandığı saptanmıştır. Bu araştırma sonucunda, İngilizce'yi yabancı dil olarak öğrenen öğrencilerin çerçeve belirleyicileri kullanarak üstsöylem boyutunda savlarını daha düzenli ve açık bir şekilde okuyucuya iletebilmeleri, daha etkili metinler yazabilmeleri için akademik yazma dersleri düzenlenmesinin ve çerçeve belirleyicilerin kullanılması için çeşitli eğitim amaçlı uygulamaların yapılmasının yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Key words: Anadili İngilizce olan ve olmayan öğrenciler, çerçeve belirleyicileri, derlem temelli çalışma, savlama temelli metin, üstsöylem
Employment of stance adverbials as hedges and boosters in argumentative essays of native american and nonnative Turkish university students
The growth of discourse analysis as a key tool in understanding language use, has led to the idea of the importance of interaction in writing. Thus, the concept of metadiscourse has emerged as a way of representing the writer's awareness of the unfolding text as discourse. Metadiscourse is based on a view of writing as social engagement and especially considered to be essential element of persuasive and argumentative writing (Crismore & Farnsworth 1990; Hyland, 2004). Among the metadiscourse markers, hedges and boosters are two crucial devices helping writers to express their authorial stance in their products. Writing argumentative texts is a challenge for the students not only in their mother tongue but also in their foreign language(s). They seem to experience difficulties in producing texts, which clearly interact with the reader(s), guide the reader in the process of reception and interpretation of the text and convince the potential reader of the text. Research on students' argumentative writing is relatively little compared to descriptive, narrative, and expository writing (e.g. Stephens, 2003). For example, two of the related studies have focused on comparison of native speakers with advanced Spanish university writers (ICLE corpus) (Neff, Ballesteros, Dafouz, Martínez & Rica, 2004) and the Greek advanced learners of English (Hatzitheodorou & Mattheoudakis, 2007). More texts need to be analyzed to gain a deeper understanding about how and effective authorial stance is presented. In the Turkish context, the students are not offered an explicit instruction in authorial stance taking and employing stance devices, instead, they are provided with very general writing guidelines and there is a scarcity of study examining comparatively native American and Turkish non-native EFL learners' employment of stance devices as hedges and boosters in their English argumentative writings. Therefore, a detailed and comparative analysis needs to be conducted in order to gain a deeper understanding about how stance-taking is presented by non- native and native students. So this study aims to identify the stance adverbials used as hedges and boosters employed by native American and Turkish non-native students. This study specifically based on the stance adverbials as they expose the author's comment or attitude much clearer. The data of this study consist of the argumentative essays of the native American students (from the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays - LOCNESS corpus) and of the Turkish non-native students from the corpus of argumentative essays written by Turkish students, majoring in the first year of English Language Teaching Department at Anadolu University. Simple random sampling is used in order to choose 200 argumentative essays (100 from each student group) and native corpus consists of 84,851 words whereas non-native corpus consists of 86,554 words. The data are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, percentages, mean frequencies per 10,000 words and Log-likelihood results for each item are calculated and interpreted. The stance adverbials as hedges and boosters are identified with the help of a concordance program, Ant. Conc. 3.3.4. and analyzed in their own contexts manually using Hyland's (2005) interpersonal model of metadiscourse, checked twice and the results are inter-rated by another researcher by using peer debriefing system. The functional use of stance adverbials as hedges and boosters are analyzed in their own contexts and explained in detail. The results of the study show that argumentative essays of students are characterized by extensive use of boosters, and less limited use of hedges and it is found out that Turkish non-native students use more diverse hedges and boosters than native American students use in their argumentative essays. Functional uses of each adverbial are explained, examples from the essays are also presented. The results of this study are believed to create an awareness among both the teachers and the students both in theoretical and linguistic aspects. Keywords: argumentative writing, corpus, hedges and boosters, stance adverbials
İlkokul 2. sınıf İngilizce öğretim programının diller için Avrupa ortak başvuru metni doğrultusunda aydınlatıcı değerlendirme modeli ile değerlendirilmesi
Bu araştırmanın amacı 2013-2014 eğitim öğretim yılından itibaren uygulanmakta olan ilkokul 2. sınıf İngilizce öğretim programının Diller İçin Avrupa Ortak Başvuru Metni doğrultusunda aydınlatıcı değerlendirme modeli ile değerlendirilmesidir. Bu araştırma, aydınlatıcı program değerlendirme modelinin öngördüğü nitel ve nicel araştırma desenlerinin birarada kullanıldığı eşzamanlı çeşitleme karma araştırma yöntem ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu yöntem kapsamında hem nitel hem de nicel veriler eş zamanlı olarak toplanmış ve iki tür veriye de eşit önem verilmiştir. Araştırmada ilkokul 2. sınıf İngilizce öğretim programına ilişkin öğretmen görüşlerinin elde edildiği ölçek ve ilkokul 2. sınıf öğrencilerinde ilkokul 2. sınıf İngilizce öğretim programı amaçlarının gerçekleşme durumunu ortaya koymaya yönelik yapılan başarı testi yoluyla nicel veriler toplanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, ilkokul 2. sınıf İngilizce öğretim programının Diller İçin Avrupa Ortak Başvuru Metni doğrultusunda incelenmesinde kullanılan doküman incelemesi, programda öngörülenler/önerilenler ile uygulamada gerçekleşen durumun uygunluğunun belirlenmesinde kullanılan katılımcı gözlem formları ve öğretmenlerin programa ilişkin görüşlerini belirlemek için yapılan yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yoluyla nitel veriler toplanmıştır. Araştırmada ölçek yoluyla elde edilen nicel veriler tabakalı örnekleme dâhil edilen 14 ildeki 768 ikinci sınıf İngilizce dersine giren öğretmenden ve Uşak ilinde gözlem yapılan iki sınıftaki 48 öğrenciye uygulanan başarı testinden elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada nitel veriler Uşak ilinde iki farklı ikinci sınıfta yapılan sınıf içi gözlem çalışması ve 21 ikinci sınıf İngilizce öğretmeniyle yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yoluyla toplanmıştır. Veriler 2013-2014 eğitim öğretim yılı bahar döneminde toplanmıştır. Nicel verilerden ölçeğin analiz edilmesinde betimsel istatistiklerden aritmetik ortalama (X), frekans (f), yüzde (%) ve standart sapma (Ss); yordayıcı istatistiklerden ise Kruskal Wallis Testi ve Mann-Whitney U Testi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, ölçekte yer alan açık uçlu soruların analizinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Başarı testinin analiz edilmesinde aritmetik ortalama (X) ve standart sapma (Ss) kullanılmıştır. Nitel verilerden dokümanların analiz edilmesinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, görüşmelerin analiz edilmesinde ise betimsel ve içerik analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gözlemlerin çözümlenmesinde frekans değerleri sayılmıştır. Doküman incelemesi sonucunda ilkokul 2. sınıf İngilizce öğretim programının duyuşsal kazanımlar, öğrenme-öğretme süreçleri ve ölçme-değerlendirme süreçleri açısından Diller İçin Avrupa Ortak Başvuru Metnine uyumlu olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bunun aksine, programın hedeflenen dil becerileri, bilişsel kazanımlar, öz değerlendirme ifadeleri ve içerik açısından başvuru metnine uyumlu olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. İlkokul 2. sınıf İngilizce öğretim programında öngörülenler ile uygulamada gerçekleşen durumun uyumlu olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Programın temel hedefleri olan dinleme ve konuşma becerilerine gereken önemin verilmediği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, derslerde hedef dilin bir öğretmen tarafından hemen hemen hiç kullanılmadığı ve iki öğretmen tarafından da dersin ağırlıklı olarak Türkçe işlendiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilmiş gözlem çalışmaları sonucunda gözlem yapılan iki farklı sınıftaki öğrencilerin dinleme becerisi açısından birbirine yakın olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, konuşma becerisi açısından bu beceriye daha çok odaklanılan sınıftaki öğrencilerin konuşma testi ortalamasının diğer sınıftan daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu durum gözlem verilerini desteklemektedir. Görüşmeler sonucunda öğretmenlerin programın öğrencilere erken yaşta yabancı dil öğrenme fırsatı vermesi ve erken yaşta dil öğrenmenin öğrencilere sağladığı bilişsel ve duyuşsal faydaları nedeniyle programa ilişkin görüşlerinin genel olarak olumlu olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanında, öğretmenlerin ilk defa ikinci sınıf seviyesinde görev yapmanın sonucunda öğrencilerin seviyelerine inememe, programa ilişkin bilgilendirilmeme, hizmetiçi eğitim almama, ders kitaplarının okullara zamanında gönderilmemesi, ders saatlerinin yetersiz olması ve ders kitaplarının yetersiz olması gibi sorunlar yaşadıkları saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, öğretmenler programın görsel ve işitsel yöntem ve teknikleri dayanması nedeniyle teknolojik donanım olmayan ortamlarda ve kalabalık sınıflarda uygulanmasının zor olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Araştırmada ölçek uygulaması sonucunda öğretmenlerin ilkokul 2. sınıf İngilizce öğretim programı kazanım ve içerik boyutu, öğrenme-öğretme süreci ve çevresel boyuttaki maddelerin gerçekleşme düzeyini yeterli ve ölçme ve değerlendirme boyutundaki maddelerin gerçekleşme düzeyini yetersiz buldukları belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, Doğu Anadolu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgelerinde görev yapan öğretmenlerin programın tüm boyutlarına ilişkin görüşleri diğer bölgelerde yaşayan öğretmenlerden anlamlı derecede olumsuz bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, herhangi bir yükseköğretim programı mezunu öğretmenlerin ikinci sınıflarda İngilizce dersine girdikleri belirlenmiştir. İlkokul 2. sınıf İngilizce öğretim programının etkili uygulanması için yapılan öneriler şöyledir: Türkiye'de tüm bölgelerdeki okulların fiziki imkânları iyileştirilmelidir. Öğretmenlere ilkokul ikinci sınıf İngilizce öğretim programının uygulama esasları, genç öğrenenlere yabancı dil öğretimi ve Diller İçin Avrupa Ortak Başvuru Metnine ilişkin nitelikli hizmetiçi eğitim fırsatları sunulmalıdır. Anahtar Kavramlar: İlkokul 2. Sınıf İngilizce Öğretim Programı, Diller İçin Avrupa Ortak Başvuru Metni, Aydınlatıcı Değerlendirme Modeli, Program Değerlendirme
The impact of vocabulary knowledge on reading, writing and proficiency scores of b2.2 level Turkish students: A study with Anadolu University English Prep-School students
This study is an attempt to clarify the incremental and multidimensional nature of foreign language vocabulary development and its relation to the participants' reading and writing performance and general language ability of English as a foreign language (EFL). With this principle aim, the current study investigated the relationship between the receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge, the relationship between receptive vocabulary knowledge and reading performance and the relationship between productive vocabulary knowledge and writing performance using their scores on vocabulary knowledge tests, a reading exam and a writing exam. Additionally, the lexical level of the compositions written by the participants and its relation to their productive vocabulary knowledge and the impact of both receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge on the participants' general language ability of EFL were also examined. 175 B2.2 level prep-school students studying at Anadolu University School of Foreign Languages, Eskişehir, Turkey participated in the study. The results revealed that the students' receptive vocabulary knowledge was larger than their productive vocabulary knowledge. It was also found that the contribution of vocabulary knowledge to the foreign language performances of reading, writing and proficiency was significant. Moreover, according to the Lexical Frequency Profile results, the lexical level of the student essays and the students' productive vocabulary knowledge were significantly related. Hence, by looking at the overall results of the present study, it might be suggested that vocabulary awareness should be created for foreign language students in their language learning process. Keywords: receptive vocabulary knowledge, productive vocabulary knowledge, lexical level, lexical frequency profile, reading, writing, proficiency
Une etude de cas qualitative sur l'utilisation des consignes scolaires dans une classe de Fle
The instructions that exist in all areas of life have an important place in the field of education. Instruction is a fundamental tool that guide learning process both in classroom interactions and in the course of evaluation. The aim of the current study is to determine the role and the place of the instruction in French language class, and also to study more closely the teaching practices of learners and teachers. Therefore, this qualitative case study was conducted in order to better understand the perceptions and the tendency of the participants. Nine students and one teacher from the preparatory class of the School of Foreign Languages of Anadolu University took part in this study. The data were collected by means of semi participant observation, semi-structured interviews and document analysis techniques, all of which are the qualitative data collection methods. Firstly, a semi-participant observation lasting for 10 weeks was conducted and at the same time, written materials used in the class were gathered. Immediately after the observations were made, the interviews were conducted with seven students and one teacher who were already observed in their classrooms. After all the data were collected, they were analyzed by the researcher and two experts in the field of teaching/learning of French language. For the analysis, the codes and the themes were identified in the data. Four key themes and nine subthemes were revealed after the data analysis. The key themes emerging from this data are; (1) The transmission of the instruction by the teacher, (2) The reading of the instruction by the learner (3) The problems of understanding the instruction, (4) Learner's awareness level of using instructions and their attitudes towards them. Mots clés : Autonomie,Consigne, Etude de Cas,Français Langue Etrangère. Instruction.
The effects of presenting vocabulary in different sets on the students' productive vocabulary knowledge
This study was aimed to find out the effects of presenting new vocabulary in thematically related sets and unrelated sets on the receptive and productive vocabulary gains of the students. In other words, here which set led to more receptive and productive gain was investigated through immediate and delayed post test results. The research was carried out with 35 seventh graders during their elective English lessons in Atatürk Middle School. Before starting the treatment the target words were identified carefully and the thematically related and unrelated sets were arranged with essential criteria in mind. The target words were taught to two different groups of students during their two class hours elective English lessons. The treatment lasted for 5 weeks. Each set was consisted of 16 new words and these 16 words were taught in two separate groups. For example thematically related set was consisted of 'party' and 'environment' vocabulary sets whereas the unrelated set included 'set 1' and 'set 2'. Before teaching, the words were pretested in order to find whether the students knew the words or not. According to the pre-test analysis, necessary editing was done with the sets. 8 words were taught at a time and each set was taught in two class hour. After presenting the new words, receptive and productive practises were done. At the end of the lessons, two immediate post tests were given to the students; one to measure receptive vocabulary knowledge and one to measure the productive vocabulary knowledge. The same tests were given as delayed post tests 3 weeks later. According to the findings revealed by the immediate post test results, there was no significant difference between the vocabulary sets when the receptive vocabulary gain of the students was considered. But, when the productive vocabulary gain of the students was considered it was seen that the unrelated set led to more vocabulary gain. According to the findings revealed by the delayed post test results, there was a significant statistical difference between the vocabulary sets when the receptive and productive vocabulary gain of the students was considered. It could be concluded that the unrelated set led to more receptive and productive vocabulary gain. In conclusion, presenting vocabulary in unrelated set was found to be more effective than presenting vocabulary in thematically related set. Key words: Foreign Language Vocabulary Teaching, Thematically Related Sets, Unrelated Sets, Receptive Vocabulary Knowledge, Productive Vocabulary Knowledge