Algılanan ebeveynlik ve birinci ve ikinci sınıf öğrencilerinde içe yönelim problemleri: Mizaç ve cinsiyetin düzenleyici rolü

The aim of the present study is to examine the role of perceived parenting behaviors from mothers and fathers on 1st and 2nd grade children's internalizing problems, and to investigate whether their associations are moderated by temperament and gender. 150 children from 1st and 2nd grades and their mothers participated in the study. Perceived parenting from both mothers and fathers regarding their rejection, overprotection and warmth were assessed through child-report scales, child internalizing problems and temperament negative affect were measured through mother-reports. Results of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that child gender, negative affect, paternal rejection, and warmth significantly predicted internalizing problems. In addition, the interaction between paternal rejection and child gender was significant; suggesting that girls tend to have fewer internalizing problems when they perceive higher warmth from their fathers. Moreover, there are three-way interactions between perceived parenting, negative affect, and child gender. Accordingly, for boys who have lower negative affect, higher maternal warmth was associated with higher internalizing problems while higher maternal overprotection was related to lower internalizing problems. For girls who are high on negative affect, higher paternal rejection was linked to lower internalizing problems. The findings are discussed in the light of relevant literature, together with contributions, limitations, and future directions.