Bazi Allium (yabani sarımsak) türleri̇ni̇n aflatoksi̇n, ağır metal ve sekonder metaboli̇t i̇çeri̇kleri̇ni̇n ICP-MS ve LC-MS/MS i̇le beli̇rlenmesi̇ ve bi̇yoloji̇k akti̇vi̇teleri̇ni̇n i̇ncelenmesi̇

Being very important vegatables, garlic and onion are Allium species that belong to Alliaceae family. The plant is 25-30 cm tall and herbaceous, having greenish-white or pink flowers. They rarely give seeds, so they are produced from their shallots. Allium genus comprises approximately 800 species in the world. There are 197 taxons in our country. In this thesis, the total phenolic (equivalent to pyrocatechole) and total flavonoid (equivalent to quercetin) amounts of the ethanol extracts of the underground and overground parts of some Allium species that grow especially in the East and the Southwest Anatolia region of our country were detected. The antioxidant activities of these extracts were determined by β-caroten bleaching assay, DPPH free radical scavanging activity, ABTS radical cation decolorization assay, CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) methods and their anticholinestrase activities were determined by acetyl- and butiryl- cholinesterase methods. In addition to these biological activities, the cytotoxic activities of the extracts were investigated by fibroblasts (connective tissue cells) and DLD-1 (colon cancer cell) cells. Since the studied species are consumed as food among people, the heavy metal contents (by ICP-MS) and total aflatoxin amounts (by ELISA) of them were determined to investigate their toxic effects. Besides, the phenolic composition of the ethanol extracts of these species were screened by an LC-MS/MS method which was validated before. Generally, 12 different studied Allium species were richer in terms of total phenolic amount compared to the total flavonoid amount. Although, AAtü was determined to be the richest extract in terms of total phenolic content, AAta, AAHtü, AAHta and AAVtü extracts were also rich in terms of total phenolic content. Additionally, AAHta, AAHtü and AAVtü extracts were the richest extracts in terms of total flavonoid content. All of the studied 25 extracts showed no anticholinesterase activities. Moreover, all the extracts determined to have mid/low antioxidant activities. However, some extracts showed high cytotoxic effects especially over DLD-1 cancer cell series. Especially, the AAtü extract that is rich in terms of total phenolic and total flavonoid content determined to have both middle antioxidant activity (ABTS) and high cytotoxic activity over DLD-1 cell series.Generally, the species in this study determined to have low total aflatoxin amount. But, the fact that the AAHtü extract prepared from AAH species has high aflatoxin content shows that the controlled consumption of this species as food is necessary. Besides, lead, cadmium and arsenic content of some species were detected to be high. Furthermore, the phenolic contents of all studied species were determined to be poor in terms of diversity and quantity. Allium species are oldest culture plants that are used as food and for cosmetic and medical applications in public. With this study, 12 of these precious species were screened chemically and biologically and important data were put forth for further studies.