Detection of antibiotic resistance genes among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical and different sites closed of Iraqi hospitals

For the purpose of obtaining pure isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae and for the evaluation of sensitivity to antibiotics and identification of resistance genes, a total of 134 clinical isolates were collected, 80 clinical isolates from multiple laboratories in Baghdad and 54 environmental isolates from nearby Tigris River. Samples were collected and studied during 6 months for the period from November 2021 to April 2022. Each isolate was identified using morphological, biochemical, and VITEK-2 System confirmatory tests. Where the environmental results showed Eschericha coli was a rate 44.44%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 31.48%, Proteus mirabilis 7.40%, Citrobacter freundii 1.85%, Citrobacter koseri 1.85%, Enterobacter aerogenes 12.96%. While the clinical results showed E. coli 33%, K. pneumoniae 28%, P. mirabilis 19%. The Antibiotic susceptibility test results indicated that all clinical 47 bacteria were unsusceptible to Penicillin, Amoxicillin, Cephalexin, Ceftazidime and Tetracycline by 100%, Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid 80.85%, Cefotaxime 65.95%, Cefixime 59.57, Cefoxitin 57.44%, Aztreonam 61.7%. While all isolates were sensitive to Meropenem 10.6% and Impenem 14.89%. On the other hand, the Antibiotic susceptibility test results for environmental 22 bacteria revealed unsusceptible to Penicillin, amoxicillin, Cephalexin, Ceftazidime, and Tetracycline by 100% Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 77.27%, Cefotaxime 77.2%, Cefixime 63.63%, Cefoxitin 59.09%, Aztreonam 54.5% while all isolates were sensitive to Meropenem was rate 18.18% and Impenem 13.6%. Replication of the DNA sequence by PCR was performed for 69 clinical and environmental isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. The results showed that for the environmental isolates, all isolates contained the gene blaTEM and the blaSHV at a rate of 40.47%. While the 47 clinical isolates, all isolates contained the gene blaTEM was rate 85.10% and blaSHV 82.97%. The results showed that E. coli contained the blaTEM gene by 15 (31.91 %), K. pneumoniae 14 (29.78%), and P. mirabilis 11 (23.40 %). blaSHV E. coli 14 (29.78%), K. pneumonia 14 (29.78%) and P. mirabilis 11 (23.40%). Based on the findings, clinical isolates had a greater virulence factor than environmental isolates. This is so because they have resistance genes (blaTEM and the blaSHV) at higher rates than environmental isolates