The afterlife according to Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī

This thesis examines the views of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1209) concerning the afterlife. The primary aim of the study is to analyze al-Rāzī's approach to the stages of existence extending from death to eternal life and to determine the position of this approach within the broader framework of kalām (Islamic theology). Within this context, subjects such as death, the soul-body relationship, metempsychosis, the life of the grave and the gathering (maḥshar), the re-creation of the non-existent (maʿdūm), the reckoning, the record of deeds, the balance (mīzān), the bridge (ṣirāṭ), al-Kawthar, intercession (shafāʿa), the nullification of deeds (iḥbāṭ), excommunication (takfīr), punishment, reward, Paradise and Hell are discussed in detail. Additionally, the thesis outlines the positions of various theological schools concerning belief in the afterlife and provides a comprehensive analysis of al-Rāzī's role in these debates. The thesis consists of an introduction, two main chapters, and a conclusion. The introduction presents the aim, methodology, and sources of the study, along with a brief account of al-Rāzī's life and works. The first chapter explores key concepts and events related to the afterlife process, while the second chapter evaluates al-Rāzī's views on Paradise and Hell, his understanding of reward and punishment, the status of grave sinners, and the question of eternal damnation or salvation. The research is primarily based on al-Rāzī's own works, with occasional reference to other relevant sources. Ultimately, the study demonstrates that al-Rāzī developed a consistent and original doctrine of the afterlife that is centered on revelation and grounded in divine will and mercy.