The establishment and functioning of the economic system in the period of the Prophet and Rashid Caliphs

All academics have realized the importance of the economy due to relation of the economy to the all fields of life. Upon a consideration of the most important stages of building the market economies among Muslims, we find the vitality of the era of the message within the appearance of the prophet (PBUH) from his sayings, actions and within the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs (may Allah be pleased with them). Economic activity at the time of the Messenger (PBUH), and the Rightly Guided Caliphs was limited to pastoralism, trade, simple agriculture, and some administrative, economic, and financial work in managing the affairs of the market and the transactions that spread in it. After the spread of Islam and Islamic conquests, the market brought many changes that drew the attention of researchers and scholars in the field of legal sciences and economic sciences. The Islamic economy had its characteristics contributed to its effects on the individuals and society, and the era of the messenger (PBUH) and the Rightly Guided Caliphs had the largest share in the establishing the Islamic economics. The prophet's time was full of the economic events, starting from working as a shepherd and his trade with the money of Mrs. Khadija (may Allah be pleased with her), and his travel to the Levant and his delay in immigration due to the fulfillment of trusts and his continued giving in legislation financial provisions and explaining Islam's position on them as validity of Selling, the prohibition of usury, the legality of peace loans and leasing, etc… The time of the Caliph, Abu-Bakir Al-Siddiq, was a continuation of the economic march that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) started to good deed. As for the Caliph, Omer Al-Khatab, his days were abundant with economic and administrative work based on alms, endowments, interest in monitoring the markets, running patrols, and setting bureaus up for the market. While the Caliph, Othman Bin-Affan had many economic contributions to building the state, he purchased the Well of Rumah to secure the source of water for the Muslims, as well as documenting financial resources and their expenditures in the bureaus and supporting the system of giving to Muslims and others within the Islamic community. The stages of Ali Bin-Abi-Talib, succession witnessed many economic achievements, as the legislation of the agreement on sharing in the profits and of the loss, it was on the owner of the capital, as well as the possibility of hastening charity for reasonable and legitimate reasons determined by the guardian or the sultan, and not returning a little profit for the fear of derivation of much of it, and also monopoly prevention and settlement in the bid.