II. a magazine during the constitutional monarchy period: Muhibban and The Line of Sufism

The modernization process of the Ottoman Empire, which began in the early 19th century, brought about profound transformations in its traditional structures. This process had significant effects not only in political, social, and economic spheres but also in the world of Sufism and religious orders. The state's modernization efforts led to stagnation in some traditional practices of the Sufi orders, prompting efforts to understand and adapt to the changing dynamics. Published during the Second Constitutional Era, Muhibban magazine emerged as a response to these efforts, aiming to shape a Sufi understanding aligned with modern thought. The magazine sought to challenge the perception of tekkes as "havens of idleness" by promoting their role in society and striving for a correct understanding of Sufism. In response to criticisms, particularly against Bektashism, Muhibban defended the social, cultural, and religious functions of Sufi orders, portraying them as significant institutions that could contribute to the moral and spiritual development of modern society. The magazine emphasized that religious orders were not merely relics of the past but fundamental components of contemporary society. This study examines the Sufi orientation of Muhibban, a Sufi-themed magazine published during the Second Constitutional Era. The articles in the magazine reflect efforts to legitimize Sufism in modern society and restore its former prestige. Muhibban serves as a crucial source for understanding Ottoman modernization and the role of Sufi orders in this process.