Comparison of Iran and Turkey traditional housing architectures on functionality and flexibility

COMPARISON OF IRAN AND TURKEY TRADITIONAL HOUSING ARCHITECTURES ON FUNCTIONALITY AND FLEXIBILITY Hanieh GOLIRAD MSc Thesis, Architecture Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. İbrahim BAKIR September 2022; 106 pages In parallel with technological and economic developments, the rapid change of socio-cultural life, the differentiation of living conditions over time, the diversification of user characteristics, the change of family capacity have led to the differentiation of housing and space and even the actions that develop within the house. As the needs increase or differentiate, it is expected that the house will not be inadequate, keep up with the changes, remain stable against the changes and provide user satisfaction. It is possible for the house to adapt to all the actions that develop in the life process, within the framework of flexibility and adaptability in architecture. At this point, these criteria are to be adapted to the housing in terms of spatial flexibility. Flexibility is often referred to as the ability to change objects. It can be said that the term "resilience" in architectural and environmental design, especially in residential design, refers to the spatial flexibility and organization of man-made space, modifying it to meet new conditions, needs and applications of users. Buildings have a long and complex life cycle in which application parameters vary greatly. They are usually built on permanent sites, but their environment is constantly changing as other buildings expand or are replaced. It tries to apply it by changing the functional pattern of the environment according to the changing demands and needs of the audience. Spatial flexibility cannot be discussed without considering the functional efficiency of a space because it works in two opposite directions, from functionalist to functional, depending on the method and degree of impact on the space. The real question in dealing with this contradiction is to what extent it is better for a space to accompany change. Flexible architecture involves designing buildings in a way that fits their life cycle and can easily respond to change. The advantages of such an approach in design are significant. Such a design can be used for a longer time and is more suitable for the intended use of the space users and corresponds to the user experience and intervention. It also easily enjoys the benefits of technical innovations, is more economical and more economical. Ecological sustainability the need for flexibility arises not only from favorable conditions and possibilities, but also from economy and need. In both countries, Iran and Turkey, which are the cradle of civilizations, traditional Turkish and Iranian housing in both countries is of great importance in all researches conducted within the scope of the concept of flexibility in housing architects. Traditional houses are shaped by many factors such as user needs, environmental factors, geographical and climatic data, economic and political conditions. While traditional houses meet the basic needs of shelter, they are developed with the formation of functional and aesthetic spaces. iv The lifestyles, habits and preferences of the users, and the creation of function and aesthetics in housing design by taking into account the user's needs are known as the distinctive features of traditional residences. Iran and Anatolia, the cradle of civilizations, had a special place in the architecture of the regions with their different geographical conditions, unique cultural environments and the works they made. Traditional residential architecture products, realized in line with natural conditions and cultural accumulations, have been developed to meet all the needs of the residents and have been able to continue their lives for centuries. Due to the close socio-cultural structures, neighborhood and close climatic characteristics of the two regions, a comparative method has been used within the scope of the study, and the articles and valid documentary studies selected from various regions of the two countries by using a detailed historical, descriptive-analytical method are traditionally registered with the theoretical approach and content analysis method. The aim of the thesis is to examine the flexibility performance on the interior and exterior spatial organization plans of Turkish and Iranian exemplary residential architecture and to reveal the common and variable characteristics of the two countries in this regard. In the selected traditional housing examples, in terms of spatial organization, flexibility is examined within the framework of the ability to develop and grow only on the plans, or the privatization of the spaces and the ability to respond to more than one function. As a result of the examinations made within the scope of the thesis, the most prominent result in the plan research of the traditional house examples in both countries is that the plans avoid defining a specific use for the space in terms of space organization. In the modern sense, a specific function is not assigned to the plan. Considering the ability to evolve in the design of the plan during the design process in both countries and anticipating possible changes for each space, as mentioned above, can help make the space more flexible. Described as medium, in the eastern and southeastern Anatolian regions of Turkey, traditional houses show great similarities in terms of plan stage, but as one moves towards the west from the inner Anatolian to the aegean regions, there is still no change in the interior space correction of the traditional houses, and the ground level is used more shallow has been reached. On the other hand, in Iran, places with cold and hot climate, socio-cultural structures close to each other and climatic regions of traditional houses located in the central and western regions have been determined. Common features of these buildings were found in terms of the general characteristics of the housing examples and spatial flexibility over the plan, especially in cities such as Mardin, Diyarbakır and Şanlıurfa in eastern and southeastern Anatolia, and İsfahan, Kaşan, Kirman and Yazd in Iran. KEYWORDS: Flexibility, Iranian traditional houses architecture, Functionality, Turkish traditional houses architecture. COMMITTEE: Asst. Prof. Dr. İbrahim BAKIR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seda ŞİMŞEK TOLACI Asst. Prof. Dr. Serkan KILIÇ