The basic concepts and institutional basis of Islamic state (Nizâmulmulk's and Ghazali's perception of state)

The emergence of Islam was firstly a turning point for the Arabian peninsula and Arabs, and then for the whole world history. Throughout history, there have been a deep debate on the state model and its administration and detailed analyses were presented on the subject. Since the early ages of history, several models on administration have been proposed, however all government models lost their effectiveness over time and became inactive. Islam is different from classical political theories and state models in many aspects. Islamic state model is mainly based on Quran therefore it has a unique style and has stayed out of discussion on other state models. Therefore, the Islamic state model is not included in the discussions found in other state models. However, the Islamic state, which was built on Qu'ran, hadith, ijtihâd gradually began to move away from these basic sources of this era. The judicial and administrative structure of the state had deteriorated since the era of the Four Calihps. One of the most important problems since the early days of the Islamic state has the inviolability of the president who could not be judged or even criticized. However, the Islamic world has tried to solve this problem with the help of the ideas of Islamic philosophers and politicians who wrote advice boks also known as mirrors for princes. Many Islamic thinkers, such as Nizâm al-Mulk and Ghazali, made diagnoses and analyzes on government and the state. Nizâm al-Mulk, Ghazali and many other thinkers criticisms of the state and the suggestions they presented on the administration have guided the Islamic state model for many years.