Persian region from the beginning of the Islamic domination to the arrival of the Seljuks (Political and sociocultural history)

Persia region where was home to Persian, Parthian and Sasanian Empires until the Islam conquests is surrounded by Khuzestan in west, Kerman in east, Isfahan in north and Persian Gulf in south. Since the beginning of the Sasanian Era these territories were divided into five kūras being Ardasir-Khurra, Sāpūr-Khurra, Istakhr, Dārābjird and Arrajān. This system inherited from them was maintained until the Mongolian Era. The first Islam conquests aimed at this territory started at the Rashidun Caliphate period. The second caliph Umar charged the Governor of Bahrein Ala b. al-Hadrami and the commanders such as Arfaja bin Harthama, Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As with conquest of Persia. As a result of the endeavor of military units both the conquest of the territory was established, and the Sassanian Dynasty was deprived. As for the Ummayad Era the territory was directed by the Arabian governors. During their conquer, the Khāriji Revolts arise in the Persian region. However, after the commissioning of Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf as governor, the rebellions were obliged to leave the territory. After the Ummayads, the domination passed to the Abbasids. During this term, the Persian effect diffused into all the stages of government. Especially the viziers were chosen from the Persian families. By the weakening of the Abbasids, large and small dynasties emerged on the Persian lands. One of them is Saffarids. Ya'qūb b. al-Layth who was the founder of the dynasty was born in the village of Qarnin, a range from Zaranj in Sīstan. They were engaged in the coppersmithing business in this village. After the Saffarids dominated Sīstan in 247/861, they proceed to the east and expanded their sovereignty to Gazna and Kabul. The founder of the dynasty, the amir, did not leave any work behind because he spent his life in wars. However, his brother Amr b. al-Layth accelerated the architectural work after he established his dominance. For instance, he built Jāme Atiq Mosque in Shiraz. Another dynasty that dominated the region was the Buyids. Their ancestor, Abu Shoja Buye, had three sons, Imād-al-Dawla (Abu'l-Hasan Ali), Rokn-al-Dawla (Abu'l-Ali Hasan) and Moʿezz-al-Dawla (Ahmad). They dominated regions such as Persian Khuzestan, Kerman, Jibal, and Iraq. Imād-al-Dawla, who is considered the founder of the dynasty, captured the Persian region in 321/933. Thereby, the dominance of the Buyids in the Persian region began. During the reign of Azod-al-Dawla, one of the Buyid amirs, the dynasty experienced its brightest days. In addition to his studies in the religious field, the Amir also had important works in the fields of science, art and architecture.