Punishment for drinking alcohol in Islamic-Ottoman law

In this study, the crime of alcohol consumption has been examined in a manner similar to the methodology used for analyzing crimes in modern law. First, the fundamental sources, principles, and general foundations of Islamic law are discussed. The general principles, which are examined based on the type of crime in classical sources, are compiled in the first section under the general theory of crime. In the second section, the definition, source, classification, material and moral elements, and punishment of the crime of alcohol consumption are thoroughly analyzed. Terms from modern criminal law, such as the subject of the crime, act, conduct, result, and culpability, are presented. Differences in opinion among Islamic schools of thought are also addressed under relevant topics. The crime of alcohol consumption is examined based on the distinction between "hadd al-khamr" and "hadd al-sikr" crimes in the Hanafi school, followed by a section on the application of this crime in Ottoman law, supported by examples from qadi registers. Finally, information is provided regarding the implementation of Islamic criminal law concerning alcohol consumption in modern Islamic countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia.