M.Ö. II. binyıl'da vitrifiye malların zanaatı: Tell Açana, Alalah'ta cam, fayans ve frit üretimi

This dissertation explores the vitreous corpora (glass, faience, frit) of Tell Atchana, ancient Alalakh, which is located in the Amuq Valley (Turkey) and settled during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. Glass, faience, and frit artifacts in the collections of the Hatay Archaeology Museum (Hatay, Turkey) and in the British Museum (London, UK) unearthed at the site between 1936–1939 and 1946–1949 excavation campaigns by Sir Leonard Woolley are reassessed in this study. The vitreous materials recovered at the 2004–2014 excavation seasons directed by Prof. Dr. K. Aslıhan Yener are investigated, and the complete vitreous corpora of Tell Atchana, ancient Alalakh is provided. The catalogue of this dissertation introduces 394 new object entries from 2004–2014 Alalakh excavations as well as it documents 23 unknown and undefined artifacts investigated in the Hatay Archaeology Museum. In this study, a set of archaeometric analyses were conducted by using scanning electron microscope electron dispersive X-rays (SEM–EDX), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP–MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and strontium (Sr) and neodymium (Nd) isotopes to illuminate chemical characterization and production technologies of faience, frit and especially glass artifacts of the settlement. iv By investigating vitreous materials of Tell Atchana, ancient Alalakh as the case site, this dissertation discusses the access and use of raw materials by the artisans, organization and interaction of craftspeople in workshop areas, and social status of artisans. Emergence and exchange of technological ideas and innovations as well as why and how technological knowledge was spread are reviewed within the social structure of the second millennium B.C. Anatolia, Levant, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia.