Differences in political traditions in the Mongolian and Timurid periods in the region of Transoxiana and Khorasan

Since the first day of human settlement, cities have developed different identities and political traditions within the framework of the geography and topographical features of the region in which they are located, as well as the identity of the community within them. In this respect, the two regions discussed in this study, Māverānayn and Khorasan, have political traditions as settlements within certain borders where societies have maintained their social lives, carried out economic activities, and fulfilled their religious obligations for centuries. While these political traditions have been preserved by most societies throughout history, some of them have taken on different forms or disappeared due to political or social events. In this study, the political traditions of Māverānayn and Khorasan during the rule of the steppe-based societies, which started with the Mongol invasion led by Genghis Khan and continued with the emergence of Emir Timur on the stage of history, what kind of changes they showed during their rule and what were the differences in traditions during the two steppe power periods. As a result of the wide historical range of the study, not all the cities of Māverāünnehir and Khorasan, whose borders are quite large, could be focused on, and the leading cities of the regions were analyzed in Samarkand and Herat. The economy, social and cultural life, population movements and reconstruction activities are excluded from the study, and political events affecting Samarkand and Herat are mentioned in the context of both cities in order to deal with political events more comprehensively. In addition, political events are limited to Samarkand and Herat, and wars, treaties and alliances that did not affect city life are not mentioned. Thus, it is seen that although the Mongols and Timurids pursued similar policies in both cities for the most part, they also adopted different policies, such as the governors appointed to the city, and that the city elites gave similar political reactions based on these policies.