A research on effects of agronomic, environmental and economic based on leguminous rotation in sustainable agriculture in conventional and low input conditions

This research was conducted in the experimental area of the Dicle University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, during the winter and spring crop growing seasons of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. The goal of this study was to assess the crop rotation strategies using combinations of conventional, low input, and bed planting farming techniques following wheat and lentil front crops. In the conventional and low-input growing methods in the crop rotation system, after the wheat front crop, lentil and wheat plants were used as the major winter crops, and maize and soybean crops were used as the summer secondary crops. Following the front crop of lentils, a crop rotation system was used in the conventional and bed planting systems, with wheat using as the major winter crops and maize and soybean plants using as the summer secondary crops. In addition, the main crop soybean and maize rotation system was used in the conventional system after the front planting of lentils. The experiment is a two-year fixed field trial conducted on two front plants with four replications according to the divided plots trial design in randomized blocks. Conventional, low-input, bed planting systems were used in the experiment as the main factor, and crop rotation was used as a sub factor. The amount of seeds used is 550 units/m2 in the conventional and low input system and175 units/m2 in the bed planting system in wheat, 300 units/m2 in the conventional and low input system in lentils, 10 units/m2 in maize and 8-10 kg/da in soybean. While fertilizer doses were determined according to the recommended standard doses in conventional cultivation for all plants used in the research, half of these values were used in low input conditions. Plant height, spike length, spikelet number per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, spike number, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, thousand grain weight, flag leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD), plant temperature, normalized vegetation index (NDVI), CM1000, protein content, wet gluten content, starch content, oil content, moisture ratio, number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, number of rows per cob, number of grains per row were investigated in experiments. In addition, weed number and identifications, as well as the physical and chemical properties of soil samples, were evaluated in the application plots. Wheat grain yield was unaffected by front plant wheat conventional and low input application, with yields ranging from 228.93 kg/da (conventional) to 230.15 kg/ha (low input). The difference between rotation systems is significant. Wheat-maize rotation and wheat-soybean rotation have the highest grain yields at 250.29 kg/da and 236.35 kg/da, respectively. Wheat-wheat sowing has the lowest grain yield at 201.96 kg/da. After the front crop lentils, the grain yield ranged from 253.8 kg/da (bed) to 261.8 kg/ha (conventional) in crop rotation applications in conventional and bed growing systems. The findings of the second year were analyzed to determine the overall impact of the crop rotation systems. The rotations that produced the maximum grain yield in the second year were conventional wheat- maize (424.4 kg/da) and conventional wheat-soybean (416.1 kg/da). The rotations that produced the lowest grain production were conventional wheat-wheat (260.6 kg/da) and bed planting wheat-maize (277.1 kg/da). When wheat was used as the front plant, the yield was calculated to be 228.93 kg/da, but when lentil was used, the yield was calculated to be 261.79 kg/da. Lentil showed the best front crop effect in all rotation systems except wheat-wheat rotation. Conventional and low input application of soybean on front crop of wheat was insignificant in terms of grain yield, and the yield ranged between 304.81 kg/da (conventional) and 284.62 kg/ha (low input). At the end of the second year, the highest and lowest soybean yields were determined, respectively, in low input wheat-soybean (402.14 kg/da), conventional lentil-soybean (253,84 kg/da) rotation applications. Conventional application was found to be higher than low input crop rotations in front crop wheat. Grain yield in wheat-soybean rotation system after front plant lentils; it was determined as 204.56 kg/da in bed planting application and 277.77 kg/da in conventional application. In accordance with the front plant status, the grain yield was higher in the front plant wheat but lower in the front plant lentil. In the analysis of the main crop soybean and second crop soybean after the front plant lentil, the grain yield was found to be high in the main crop and low in the second crop. In lentil, conventional and low input applications on front crop wheat were insignificant in terms of grain yield, and the yield varied between 158.44 kg/da (conventional application) and 160.54 kg/da (low input). The yield was low in the lentil-lentil rotation (142.45 kg/da), high in the lentil-maize (170.34 kg/da) and lentil-soybean (165.67 kg/da) rotation systems. In maize, conventional and low input applications on front plant wheat were important in terms of grain yield, it was found to be high with 1111,82 kg/da in conventional application and low with 871,15 kg/da in low input application. The grain yield in the front crop wheat rotation system was found to be high in the rotation of wheat - maize (1069.99 kg/da) and low in the rotation of lentil - maize (912.99 kg/da). In the wheat-maize rotation system established on the front plant lentils; grain yield was 1359.8 kg/da in bed planting and 1234.5 kg/da in conventional application. It was discovered that front plant wheat produced less grain than front plant lentil. The grain yield in the main crop maize and the second crop wheat-maize rotation after the front plant lentil was found to be less in the main crop and high in the second crop. Grain yield of wheat on conventional, low input and bed planting system was found similarly. Bed planting was more favorable than conventional system because there were 65% less seeds planting and other superiority of bed planting. Due to the benefit of legumes in the case of the front plant being lentil in wheat, grain yield and some yield parameters were found to be high. Soybean yield and yield characteristics were greater in the main crop plantings than in the secondary crop plantings. In the case of soybean front plant wheat, better yield and yield characteristics were attained than in the case of front plant lentil. Grain yield and some yield characteristics of the second crop in maize were higher in front plant lentil than in front plant wheat. The rotation of lentils with second crop increased yield and yield parameters, comparing lentil-lentil rotation. In addition, there was no difference between low-input and conventional system lentils.