Moral education in sufism: A case study of Kûtu'l Kulûb

Sufism, with its deep-rooted history, is an institution that aims to educate individuals. Through Sufi education, individuals strive to manifest their inherent human qualities. The Sufi education process, which emphasizes practical training, utilizes various educational methods such as discourse, contemplation, service, and seclusion. Sufi education is a system that seeks to elevate individuals to a level of moral maturity by adopting spiritual development as its goal. In order to cultivate individuals morally and ensure the longevity of their virtuous qualities, moral education has been perpetuated within the institutions of Sufism, known as tekkes. What distinguishes Sufi education from other educational systems is the simultaneous implementation of individual and societal education. The main objective of this study is to address the proliferation of unethical behavior in our contemporary age by taking Kûtu'l Kulûb as a basis and directing individuals towards ways of distancing themselves from such behavior, refining their morality, and providing them with guidance for personal development. The paths and methods of moral rectification mentioned by Mekki in Kûtu'l Kulûb were examined through content analysis in line with this objective. This technique allowed for accessing Mekki's thoughts on moral education in the work. The fundamental concepts of Sufi education, such as repentance, patience, gratitude, fear, hope, asceticism, and others, were explored to establish the framework of Mekki's ideas on moral education. Upon examination of Kûtu'l Kulûb, it is evident that Mekki emphasizes the personal characteristics and psychosocial development of individuals, asserting that morality can be nurtured. The most significant responsibility in this regard lies with the individual themselves. The continuity of moral education relies on the practical implementation of acquired knowledge. Therefore, in order to maintain continuity, individuals must strive against their own desires and inclinations, and strike a balance in their thoughts and actions. As demonstrated by the example of Kûtu'l Kulûb, Sufi education plays a crucial role, particularly in moral education in social life, with its significant focus on experience and practice. Consequently, Sufi education possesses qualities that can benefit all aspects of moral education.