Tolerance of uncontrollability and psychopathology: The roles of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and negative problem orientation

Tolerance of uncontrollability (TOU) can be defined as the ability to endure the discomfort resulting from uncontrollable events. In the absence of perceived control, people utilize strategies that regulate and enhance the inner perception of control. Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) and thought suppression (TS) are some of the strategies that give illusory control in the short-term. However, many studies revealed that these strategies increase distress in the long term. Another concept closely related to tolerance is negative problem orientation (NPO), which describes individuals' belief in self-efficacy in problem-solving. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between TOU, RNT, TS, NPO, depression, and anxiety. It was anticipated that TOU would be associated with depression and anxiety, and RNT and TS would mediate these relationships. Moreover, NPO was hypothesized to moderate the relationship of TOU with other study variables. A sample of 448 participants aged between 17 and 56 (80.4% females) completed measures assessing TOU, RNT, TS, NPO, depression, and anxiety. Findings showed that higher levels of TOU were associated with low levels of depression and anxiety, but when anxiety was controlled, the correlation with depression disappeared. While RNT was the mediator in both outcomes, TS mediated only the relationship between TOU and anxiety. NPO did not show any moderating effect, except for the relationship between TOU and anxiety. The current study emphasizes that TOU can be a concept specific to anxiety and highlights one of the mechanisms behind TOU and psychological distress. Keywords: uncontrollability, repetitive negative thinking, thought suppression, psychological distress