Turkey and brain migration: Policies formed from push and pull perspectives and effects on brain drain

Brain drain, which is defined as the departure of well-educated human capital to another geography, was noticed by England, which lost its qualified power to other countries in 1945. When the problem of brain drain increased rapidly after the 1960s with the effect of globalization, countries such as the USA, England and Germany developed important brain drain policies from the perspective of push and pull. Turkey, on the other hand, has developed some policies, including TÜBİTAK Reverse Brain Drain and Turquoise Card Foreign Brain migration pull policies, in order not to be a victim of brain drain, but it was late to include brain drain as a problem on its political agenda, although it could not develop an effective attack. In addition, there is no integrated, regular study that reveals Turkey's brain drain policies historically, and the data obtained stand out as studies such as examining the loss of brain capital. In this study, the brain drain policies of the USA and Germany, which are the leading brain drains in the world, were examined to understand the push and pull effect of brain drain policies, and similar features of the US Green Card, Germany Blue Card and Turquoise Card developed by Turkey were compared and the brain drain policy has also been conceptualized. The brain drain policies of Turkey, which is the focus of this study, formed from the perspectives of push and pull, have been put forward in the context of their historical periods. TÜBİTAK 2232 and Turquoise Card policies within the scope of development plans were analyzed. A SWOT analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of Turkey's brain migration policies on brain drain.