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Küresel dengesizliklerin denizcilik sektörüne etkileri: Türkiye'deki limanların yük elleçleme verimlilikleri üzerine istatistiksel bir analiz
Maritime sector has a crucial role in international trade, acts as a main enabler while carrying 90% of the world merchandise goods. That is why global economic and trade activities, or any imbalances affect maritime sector directly. Although Turkey has natural maritime advantages, it fell behind of the global seaborne trade. Insufficient attention and weak policies created today's problems that put Turkish maritime sector in more vulnerable position against global imbalances. To eliminate these problems and to increase Turkey's share in international maritime sector, the first station is Turkish ports and increasing their efficiency. Because if maritime transport is running the circulation system of global trade, ports are best spots to measure the blood pressure. In this study import and export port throughput efficiencies of the Turkish ports was determined, and results were evaluated to measure the impact of global imbalances occurred in the last 15 years which are 2008 Global Economic Crisis and US-China Trade Wars. The efficiency analyses were carried out by Data Envelopment Analysis method. In the literature port efficiency analyses mostly used port's physical features and as the distinguishing feature, this study looks from the wider frame to this point and use both physical and economic parameters to evaluate port throughput efficiency. By revealing the results, relatively efficient/inefficient periods and underlying reasons were highlighted. Export port throughput efficiency were found highly sensitive to the global economic and commercial imbalances, and the sensitivity of the import port throughput is found more related with the national economic structure and conditions. The results indicate a clear path for policy implications that were suggested for primary economic and financial instabilities and structural problems to increase the port throughput efficiency, to provide safer environment for members and candidates of maritime sector, to operate more efficiently in the time of global imbalances. Keywords: Maritime Sector, Global Imbalances, Economic and Financial Crisis, Trade Wars, Turkish Port Throughput Efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA),
Uluslararası ticarette blockchain kullanımı: Vaka çalışmaları üzerine analiz
In the world where the challenges of time and place differences are realized, digitalization is a technological development which piece people and institutions together. Thanks to this innovation, people from different places of the world can provide dataflow to each other. These flows are usually conducted through an intermediary. With Blockchain technology, these dataflows have been achieved without intermediaries in decentralized networks. This study works on using Blockchain technology in international trade transactions. In the study, digitalization of money and accounting issues is examined primarily. Then, the background of data communication is explained by examining Blockchain's technical structure. In order to highlight transparent and reliable aspects of this technology; Blockchain based e-money and digital signatures examined. In addition, provided innovations by this technology are evaluated with perspective of trade finance, logistics and government policy issues. The recent case studies regarding the innovations, which the thesis aims to explain, are examined and the effects of these projects were analyzed. According to the analysis, it has been found that blockchain technology solves excessive time consumption, tax avoidance, letter of credit costs and physical archiving problems in international trade.
Türkiye-Rusya ikili ticaret ilişkisinin analizi: Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşının zorlukları ve fırsatları
This research work examines Turkey's bilateral trade intercourse with Russia in order to identify potentialities and problems for Turkey caused by the Russia-Ukraine War. In the course of the study, with help of descriptive statistics and calculations of trade indices, the current state of Russian-Turkish trade has been analysed. Afterwards, commodity sectors in which supply is expected to fall due to international companies' suspension of businesses were identified. Next, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index and its dynamic form were calculated to assess Turkey's potentialities to export commodities of the identified sectors and to highlight commodities groups where export policy should be improved.
Lojistik sektörünün sürdürülebilirlik için endüstri 4.0 teknolojileriyle dönüşümü: Bir içerik analizi
The effect of production and consumption processes on the ecological environment, which emerged with the Industrial Revolution and continues to increase in importance today, is an important issue that is dealt with globally. The awareness of reversing these great negative effects that caused this period to be called the Anthropocene - the human age- has also been the most important vision of today. Countries are now looking for solutions to make the necessary transformations to make these processes sustainable. The issue of sustainability, which was dealt with only the environmental dimension in previous years, is now being examined with a more holistic perspective, including economic and social dimensions. At this point, the efforts of enterprises to achieve sustainable development goals by addressing environmental, social and economic dimensions are very valuable. Industry 4.0 technologies, which we have heard frequently recently, include technologies that businesses include in their transformation in line with sustainable development goals. The purpose of this study, while performing its activities in line with the objectives of sustainable development of enterprises in Turkey, is to investigate whether a transformation in the industry 4.0 technologies. While conducting the research, the logistics sector, which is thought to have an impact on sustainability in many processes, was chosen as an example. Content analysis method was used to understand the technological transformation in sustainable development oriented logistics processes. In the content analysis, the Sustainability Reports of v the companies and the press releases, news and announcements pages on the websites of the companies that do not publish reports were examined and the dimension of the relevant transformation was investigated. The result obtained as a result of the data analyzed with the ATLAS.ti program is that companies in an interaction with Industry 4.0 technologies have an awareness in their discourse, but this interaction is still at the beginning level.
Şirketlerin üretim faaliyetlerini kendi ülkelerine döndürmeleri ile oluşan tüketici duyarlılığı bağlamında marka güveninin incelenmesi: Deneysel bir çalışma
In today's global business environment, companies strive to gain competitive advantage through the strategies they follow with regard to the value chain operations. Companies have been trying to obtain both cost efficiency and value creation from the 1950s to the present by following these strategies, which stand on two main pillars as governance and location choice. However, since the 1980s, concepts such as offshoring and reshoring have started to take place with the transformation of these choices into geographical strategies. Although the drivers leading companies to offshore are related to the upper part (producers, factor markets, etc.) of the value chain, the factors bringing the reshoring decision such as quality, high cost, etc., which seem to be firm-sided, are indeed associated with the end consumer. Volatile demand and global competition conditions make it necessary for companies to always put consumers at the center of their strategic decision making. As a matter of fact, when the decision of reshoring is taken from a consumer-oriented perspective while acquiring the resources that the company can gain competitive advantage, it will both increase the customer value and bring an advantage over competitors competing with similar resources. In this respect, this thesis focuses on the demand-side effects of reshoring and an experimental study was conducted to understand the mediator role of consumer reshoring sentiment among consumers' ethnocentric orientation and brand trust under the conditional effects of perceived motives and category country image. In addition, the model has been tested for partial and full reshoring conditions. The findings exhibit consumers' ethnocentric orientation interacts with perceived motive, generates a reshoring sentiment, which intersect with the category image of the offshored country, ultimately produces brand trust accordingly.
İşletmelerin uluslararasılaşma süreçlerini etkileyen faktörler; Teknoloji geliştirme bölgeleri'nde faaliyet gösteren girişimci işletmeler üzerine bir çalışma
Reviewing the international business literature on companies that continue their operations across national borders, until recently the internationalization processes of large multinational companies that operate in international markets and have no shortage of financial and human resources have been discussed and various studies have been conducted. Despite the limited resources, with the effect of developments in the technological, economic, political and socio-cultural spheres, many entrepreneurial firms do not limit their commercial activities to the country in which they are based, but carry them out on an international scale. Entrepreneurial firms located in Technology Development Zones are accelerating economic growth and development in our country with an export volume of approximately $ 5.1 billion as of 2020. The main objective of this study is to determine the factors that affect the entrepreneurial firms in the Technology Development Zones that we can now call ''new international players'' to start international activities. The analyzes carried out for this purpose was examined from three points of view. The effects of locating the companies in the entrepreneurship ecosystem in İzmir and being located in Technology Development Zones studied. In addition to the benefits of being part of the entrepreneurship ecosystem in Izmir and operating in Technology Development Zones, there is some developmental areas were identified in Technology Development Zones. This developmental areas that will contribute to the competitive advantage of companies located in Technology Development Zones in international markets were identified and recommendations were made. The final part of the analysis examined the managerial, firm, and environmental factors on the internationalization status of the firms in our sample. It was found that firms' managerial factors export commitment and international experience are more effective on firm internationalization than environmental and firm factors. In addition to it's contribution to the literature on entrepreneurship ecosystem in Izmir where few studies have been conducted, it is belived that the research will contribute to the international entrepreneurship literature with the evaluation made by considering the whole of managerial, environmental and firm-related factors, contrary to many examples in the literature in Turkey. Keywords: Internationalization, International Entrepreneurship, Technology Development Zones, İzmir Entrepreneurship Ecosystem.
Tereddütlü Bulanık SWARA yöntemi ile uluslararası firmaların ihracat performanslarının değerlendirilmesi
Dünyada ticaretin küreselleşmesi, yeni pazarların ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte ihracatın önemi de artmıştır. Firmaların ihracata yönelmeleri ve oluşan rekabet ortamında var olabilmeleri için dış pazarda önem vermeleri gereken faktörler vardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ihracatı etkileyen kriterleri belirlemek ve ihracatta ne derecede önemli olduklarını tespit etmektir. Öncelikle konunun önemine değinmek amacıyla ihracatın faydaları araştırılmıştır, ihracat performansını etkileyen kriterler belirlenmiştir. İhracat performansını hesaplamak için 3 ana kriter ve 16 alt kriter belirlenmiştir ve ihracat alanında 5 uzman kişi ile görüşülmüştür. Kriterlerin önem derecelerinin hesaplanması için dilsel ifadeler kullanılmıştır. Uygulamada kullanılan kriterlerin ağırlıklarını hesaplamak için Tereddütlü Bulanık SWARA yöntemi kullanılmıştır ve firmaların ihracat performansları hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak ihracat yapan firmaların ihracat performansını etkileyen tek bir kriter olmadığı yönetici özelliklerinin, sürdürülebilirliğin ve üretilen ürün özelliklerinin ihracat yapabilmede öne çıkan kriterler olduğu belirlenmiştir.