Theses supervised by Doç. Dr. Mesut Hakkı Caşın
10 theses · Yeditepe University
Normandiya çıkarması D-Day 6 Haziran 1944
ÖZET6 Haziran 1944 yılında Amerikalı ve İngiliz askerler Operation Overlord'u hareketegeçirmek için tarihteki en muhteşem çıkarma harekatını sergilediler. Normandiya Harekatı,İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın en kararlı batı savaşıydı. Avrupa'nın Müttefiklerce işgaliydi,Harekat 6 Haziran 1944 gece yarısından tam on beş dakika sonra başladı. Bu daima D-Dayolarak hatırlanacak günün ilk saatiydi. Bu anda özellikle Amerikan 101. ve 82. Havaİndirme Tümeni'nden seçilmiş kişiler Normandiya üzerine indi. Beş dakika sonra daİngiliz 6. Hava İndirme Tümeni bu noktanın elli mil uzağına uçaklardan atladılar.Müttefik Hava İndirme Tümenleri Normandiya savaş alanının sınırlarınıbelirlediler. Onların arasında ve Fransız sahili boyunca beş işgal sahili bulunmaktaydı:Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno ve Sword. Günün ilk ışıklarından önce karanlıkta paraşütçülerNormandiya'nın çalılıkları ile mücadele ederlerken muhteşem donanma bu sahillereyaklaşmaya başladı. İki binden fazla asker, denizci ve sahil koruma görevlisi taşıyanyaklaşık beş bin gemi vardı. Sabah 6.30'ta işgalin ilk dalgasında asıl deniz ve havabombardımanı olmadan önce birkaç bin kişi su içerisinde güçlükle sahile doğru ilerliyordu.Bugün, biz anlıyoruz ki, 6 Haziran 1944'te ilk Müttefik askeri sahile ayak basmadan önceRuslar Almanların en iyi ordularını yenmiş, yaklaşık iki milyon kişiyi öldürerek batısavaşına kararlı bir yardımda bulunmuşlardır. Alman askerlerinin Kanal sahilinisavunmadaki kötü kalitesi hakkında bir çok şey yazıldı. Ancak, bu aynı kişiler her yerdeMüttefik'lerin D-Day amaçlarını elde etmesini engellemişler ve Amerikalıları Omahasahilinde yenilginin eşiğine getirmişlerdir.Bundan sonraki olaylar sadece askeri bir tarihten ibaret değildir. Bu insanlığın birolayıdır: Müttefik kuvvetlerin savaştıkları düşmanın ve D-Day'in kanlı karmaşası içindekendini bulan sivillerin olayıdır. Savaşın başladığı gün Hitler'in dünyayı kuşatan çılgın vedelice tavrını da sona erdirmiştir.XII
İkinci Dünya Savaşı Atlantik Deniz muharebelerinde denizaltının rolü
Almanya, ?kinci Dünya Savası süresice Suüstü Harbinden ziyade denizaltıyapımına ağırlık vermistir. Harp basladığında Almanya'nın elinde etkin durumda 57denizaltı vardı. Harbin ilk yılı içinde, Alman tersanelerinde 100 adet, ikinci yılında ise 200adet denizaltı insa edilmisti. 1943 yılı basında Almanların elindeki denizaltı sayısı 68 adedi?talyanlarda olmak üzere 485'in üzerindeydi.1939?45 yılları arasındaki 68 aylık mücadele sonunda, ?ngiliz, müttefik ve tarafsızolmak üzere batan 21 milyon ton tutarındaki 4786 gemiden 2775 tanesi denizaltılartarafından imha edilmisti. Denizaltıların sağladıkları bu hasılatta harbin aylık kayıportalaması 40 adetti.Ancak müttefik donanmasının teknolojik alandaki ivmeli çalısmaları Denizaltılarınsonunu hazırlamıstır. Radar ve sonarın bulunması Denizaltıların eskisi kadar sürpriz birsilah olarak kullanılamamasına sebebiyet vermistir. Bu da tezimizin önemli tespitlerindenolup, savas süresince 781'in üzerinde Alman, 85'in üzerinde ?talyan denizaltısı imhaedilmistir. Aylık ortalama 13 adettir.Bütün harp boyunca, Atlantik içinde ve bu okyanusu kateden rotalarda, ?ngilizkontrolü altındaki konvoylarda 75.000 ticaret gemisine refakat gayreti tahsis edilmis, bukonvoyların içinden 574 gemi denizaltı hücumları sonucunda batırılmıstır. Konvoygemilerinden her 131 tanesi varıs limanına salimen intikal ederken 1 tanesi denizaltıhücumları ile batırılmıstır.?kinci Dünya Savası süresince denizaltı kendini kanıtladı. Denizaltı gemisi savastansonra denizaltı silahı olarak kabul gördü. Stratejik bir silah oldu. Balistik füzelerin ortayaçıkmasından sonra ise dünyada aranan en önemli silah haline geldi.
Reinventing the art of strategic leadership and planning future
The globalism process dynamics that gain speed in international system raised a new variation that caused the increase of importance and necessity of honest strategic leadership concept. The reinventing of strategic leadership process that have long and fundamental history as much as humanity civilization, must take part as an important aim for contemporary societies, over a firm base for 21st century's changing conditions. As a matter of fact, the analysis of strategy in changing situations will be important for creative and skillful individuals. The success of organization could only occurred by protection of discipline of organizations, being strong of survival and being continuous of ability of rivalry. The art of strategic leadership takes form with information, education, experience, skill, finance, intelligence and analyzing. There is a necessity for thinking planning with needs of organization together in unexpected future. In this respect, leaders must solve any problems of society in unexpected situations; answer the need of society and individuals. Also must be ready for all innovation and creativities. It is difficult to see an accurate future. At the developing world leaders always have to be ready at every extraordinary circumstance about their workplace or organization. Discipline too is essential. It enables leaders to ensure that decisions made throughout the organization are consistent with strategy as a magic key. This academic survey aims to give detailed information about strategic leadership. Also it aims to explain strategy, planning, management and leadership from past to future. In generally, by examining leadership at today and before, the survey aims to give idea about history of leadership, theory of strategy, military strategy, aim and action of strategy, basis of strategy, relationship between strategic management and strategic planning, models of strategic planning, intelligence with leadership, gathering organizational intelligence, technology and leadership strategies, see and planning future and easily overcome unexpected crisis. XX
Rethinking modern international collective security and the road ahead of transformation of NATO
Although the collective security is defined narrowly with "ALL FOR ONE and ONE FOR ALL" idea, collective security can be defined as collective self-regulation: a group of states attempt to reduce security threats by agreeing to collectively punish any member that violates the system's norms. Collective security ideas have been essential for the alliances and peace all over the history. The collective security ideas emerged as the remedy for the human with the Enlightment thinkers and especially Immanuel Kant's Perpetual Peace book,. The first collective security system had put into practice with the League of Nations. But the necessities of collective security system couldn't be realized over the League of Nations and United Nations experiments. The bipolar nature of Cold War era forced the countries to unite under the collective defense organizations. Also UN had to change its mission and invented the peacekeeping operations. With the Berlin Wall fall down, collective security has revived in the First Gulf War experience. But the unstable nature of post-Cold War era had showed itself with the explosion of intrastate conflicts. This urged UN to gave collective security responsibility to regional security organizations. NATO has found its new mission over this agenda and performed its peace enforcement mission within its transformation process. NATO had enlarged its crisis management mission with its new security perceptions and new partners. The aim of the search is to show and emphasize the evolution of collective security within the NATO transformation process. In this context, the scope of the study is dealing with the historical evolution of collective security starting from the ancient ages up to today's transforming NATO. The theoretical roots of collective security are also examined in order to understand the political realities of collective security operations of today. At last NATO's transformation process main achievements over the peace support operations were explored in order to show the realities behind the collective security operations and the struggle over the NATO's European pillar. 14
Greece`s defense& security policy after cold war
ABSTRACT Greece has been spending 6 percent of its GNP on defense since 1974. The Greek defense expenditures are, in relative terms, the highest between the EU and the NATO members. This study makes an analysis of Greek defense and security policy after the Cold War and to point out the continuity in Greek defense and security policy from the establishment of Greek state until today.Ever since Greece won its freedom from the Turks in the 1 820s-no, ever since the Turks took Istanbul on that "Black Tuesday" 29 May in 1453-the Greeks have had a Megali Idea, a Great Idea. Greece has followed an imperialist and expansionist policy since the 19th century. No matter whether you call it "Pan Hellenism" or "Megali Idea (big ideal, big thought)", Greece has tried to realize this ideal several times since 1821. After the first chapter (introduction), in second and third chapter, while narrating Modern Greek history it's also tried to state that Megali Idea constitutes the basis of Greece's defense and security policy. Greece's security concerns in the Cold War era, is also examined in the third chapter. The Turkish Peace Operation in Cyprus in 1974 and the ensuing Greek-Turkish confrontation caused Athens to reconsider its traditional defense posture. At the root of this change in policy lay NATO's inaction during the Cyprus crisis and perception, deeply held among Greek civilian and military elites that such inaction would leave the country dangerously exposed to a "Threat From the East" in case of renewed conflict with Turkey. This realization led to a significant restructuring of Greek defense and foreign policy options. Greece turned her face to Europe after 1974. The Europeanization in Greece and Greek security concerns in post-cold war era and Greek foreign policy towards her neighbors [especially Greek-Turkish relations] are held in chapter four. Greece is the only member state of the European Union and NATO in the Balkan region. Until the breakdown of the communist bloc, Greece was acting within the limits as well as the political and economic constrains of cold war imperatives. The axis of the post-Cold War uncertainties framed the new threat perceptions and security interests of Athens. Greece's new roles in the security of Europe and Greece's initiatives in defense and security issues in the 21st century as the only EU and NATO member state in the Balkans is examined in fifth chapter. Consequently, some presumptions about the basic issues related with Greek defense and security policy -like Cyprus and Aegean conflict- are took place in chapter six. The results that obtained from this study are summarized in the seventh chapter. xm
The impact of the electronic intelligence-ELINT -in the future battlefield
Electronic technology has come to play an increasingly important role in military operations. To need information about enemy will be integral to any future conflict. Simply information warfare will dominate future war. Command and control warfare (C2W) and electronic warfare (EW) are the core of information warfare. Electronic warfare in its broadest sense goes far beyond electronic intelligence (ELINT). Satellites, aircrafts, unmanned aerial vehicles, ships, and land vehicles are used as a platform for electronic intelligence. In order to be effective at future war, intelligence must be integrated the tactical, operational, and strategic levels and used as part of campaign planning. Mutually supportive, intelligence enhances C W effects against enemy. The intelligence must be timely to support the current mission. Out of date or inaccurate data could lead to disaster for the commander's overall mission. Electronic intelligence (ELINT) sensors provide accurate and timely intelligence for the commanders. The implementation of information technology is essential to provide the automation necessary to transfer, process, and store the large volumes of data on the future battlefield. Electronic intelligence (ELINT) will play a significant role in the support developed to allow commanders to plan and maneuver faster than an adversary. Signal intelligence (SIGINT) and electronic intelligence (ELINT) sensors enable target detection and accurate location, on a large scale, in a short time. Airborne, ship-based, and land-based ELINT are currently used. The development of space-based and unmanned aerial vehicles electronic intelligence (ELINT) systems will be more affect the future battlefield. Other sensor platforms will continue to be used. New technology will offer the potential to achieve military objectives in different ways and indeed provide means to do completely new things. Maintaining close collaboration with allied partners, and with the civil sector, will be vital in order to maximize the achievement of the objectives and maintain a technological lead over potential adversaries whilst minimizing costs. xv
Changing USA's foreign policies in the Middle East region
Today the terms called "Near East" and "Middle East" have come to be used interchangeably, but generally the term with Middle East ; considered to states consist of the independent countries of Turkey, Iran, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Yemen, Kuwait, and lying along the coast of Arabian Peninsula. And this area, for American policymakers has often been a headache, sometimes a nightmare, and each president has applied his own policy for the Middle East from Truman to Bush. The United States has five fundamental interest in the Middle east: Oil of the region, especially the Arabian peninsula; The survival and security of the state of Israel; Preventing the other powers from dominating the area; Preventing, or at least managing, the spread of WMD and the fulfillment, so far as possible, of certain principles, including the peaceful settlement of international disputes, the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force, and the right of peoples to self-determination. Each one of these interest, taken alone, gives the United States a vital concern with the future of the Middle East; taken together, and considering as well the extreme volatility of the unresolved Arab-Israel conflict, they make the Middle East the most important single region in the world from the standpoint of American interest- and the most dangerous. This thesis has sought to understand the complex and, at times, bewildering policy of USA on the Middle East, in particular, towards the policy of Israel, oil and The Gulf War. XVIII
NATO'nun Akdeniz güvenlik rolü
In a changing global world, due to the new understanding of security, new threats and their changing importance some regions, which were not of a great deal of importance, has gained interest. Consequently this emerging importance took attraction of the international organizations. The big threat from the East to Europe was removed after the collapse of Soviet Union. With this development NATO, most of whose members are in Europe has increased its level of relationships with some regions especially to establish stability and peace. Among these regions is the Mediterranean Region. With the rise of threats (terror, migration, weapons of mass destruction, rapid population growth) NATO increased the focus on its perimeters. Mediterranean has a great importance for NATO. NATO has begun developing new relations with the countries in this region, especially the Middle Eastern and Northern African countries. Moreover it has formed some dialogues with the region. In this paper Mediterranean identity, the perception of understanding of security in this region, the effects of this security approach on the region and outside the region, especially the elements which could affect the security of the Mediterranean and in this context the Mediterranean dialogue of NATO, the reactions to this dialogue from the region and some measures NATO needs to take are studied. The purpose of this academic research was to tell the Mediterranean policy of NATO, which Turkey is a member of. Turkey both as a NATO member and a regional country will be affected by any positive or negative development in the area. Any security problem in the region will affect Turkey as well as any other Mediterranean country. XIV
Emerging Chinese foreign and defence policy in Asia-Pasific
ABSTRACT For better understand the actual and future position of China in the word, first of all, we have to learn its political structure and foreign policy decision-making mechanisme. In this thesis, I intented to examine all decision-making ranks from the national leader and his nuclear circle to underlevel ranks. I also looked into relations between the "People's Liberation Army"(PLA)-the guarantee of the regime and civilian structure. Finally, I examined Chinese foreign economic relations toward other countries and its foreign policy toward the three major powers in Asia-Pasific Region. vm
Analysing European Union maritime transport policy
European Union feels the social, economical, political and geo-strategic effects in its nature strongly because of its geographical habit, which looks like a semi-island that is surrounded by water.European Union continuous its structural development in maritime transportation and trading rapidly by taking the changing and improving economical and social conditions into the account. On the other hand, the new regulations with high technology have been required in maritime security and safety as a result of today?s global threatening.The countries in European Union and European Union Commission concern about being dependent on third parties in transporting European Union?s foreign trading goods unless the states support their own transporting firms. Therefore, the states? aids to maritime sector have been admitted by European Union officially.The maritime transportation holds more than 90% of the foreign trading transaction and about 43% of domestic trading transaction in European Union. Therefore, the maritime transportation plays an important role in European Union economy so that its continuity and safety really vital for European Union (EU). EU has been trying to create a common platform to inspect all ships that are traveling at inland water due the regulations of International Maritime Organization (IMO). Erica-I and Erica-II are two of the major proposals that the commission has been released on maritime transportation safety so far. The union has been spending effort to strengthen its position in international platforms for the benefit of Europe by reconstructing the regulations on maritime and its maritime policy due to the conventional of IMO.Using the general analyses mentioned above about European Union, my thesis targets to inform people not only about maritime policy of European Union and its revolution over the time, but also about the maritime transportation in European Union and its evolutional development and regulations that have been influencing other countries in Europen Union historically. I strongly believe that my academic thesis work will be a key resource to lighten those who want to comprehend the policy of maritime transportation in European Union from both technical and political perspectives.