Theses supervised by Doç. Dr. Nilgün Olguntürk
13 theses · İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University
Küçük alanlarda konuşma kaygısı üzerine renk ve bağlantılı renk sıcaklığının (CCT) etkileri
This study aims to investigate how colour and correlated colour temperature (CCT) impact speaking anxiety in small spaces. Existing literature has highlighted and emphasized the colour and CCT impact on anxiety and speaking anxiety. However, there has been a small number of analysis with the combination of colour and CCT impact on speaking anxiety. This research not only examines the impact of colour and CCT level in terms of speaking anxiety but also examines the combine effect of colour and CCT on speaking anxiety. The experimental study was employed involving 150 participants studying in the university. The experiment was conducted in Bilkent University lighting lab in Ankara, Türkiye. The participants completed a demographic questionnaire and two anxiety tests which are GAD-7 and STAI test before the experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the five different conditions. In the experiment participants were asked to talk under one condition and after the experiment speaking anxiety was assessed with STAI test. Quantitative data were analysed using two-way and three-way ANOVA in JASP 0.18.3 with the test of normality and homogeneity checked. The findings indicate that both colour and CCT as well as an interaction impact speaking anxiety. Turquoise colour and 4000 K give a calming impact whereas purple with 6500 K trigger speaking anxiety. The results of this study highlighted the importance of colour and lighting design and this may help to reduce speaking anxiety.
Sanat objesinin renk ve stilinin müze ziyaretçilerinin ışık renk sıcaklığı tercihi üzerine etkisi
The aim of this study is to understand the effect of art objects' color and style on museum visitors' CCT light preferences. In order to analyze both color and style of art objects' effect on museum lighting preference, a small exhibition room was designed. The study was conducted with three sample groups for three styles of paintings. Those styles were still life paintings, drip paintings and contemporary figurative art paintings with three color schemes for each style which are blue, red and neutral. Three CCT of light were used in the experiment which are 3000 K warm white, 4000 K neutral white and 6000 K cool white LED spots all at 200 lux illuminance. Besides the CCT preference, participants were asked to evaluate factors that would appropriately describe the exhibited objects, painting color and lighting relations. Those evaluative factors were warmth, brightness, comfort, pleasantness, naturalness and relaxation. The results showed that most preferred CCT of light was 4000 K for all styles and colors. The general indication that could be done about the CCT preference results is that visitors want to see warm color paintings under lower CCTs while in case of cool color paintings the choice of visitors are towards higher CCTs. This preference tendency is the most significant on paintings that have facial depictions. According to the evaluative emotional states results, for all bipolar adjectives both color and CCT have an impact. The results of the study can be beneficial for museum curators, lighting designers and interior architects while designing a museum environment.
Sanal bir poliklinik ortamında renk kullanımının yaşlıların görsel uzaysal navigasyonlarına yardımı
It is well documented that elderly people often have difficulties in finding their way in unfamiliar environments. In this study, it is aimed to explore the usage of colour as visuospatial navigation tool for elderly people with tests in a virtually simulated polyclinic environment. Neutral, warm and cool colour experiment settings were compared to find out the effect of different colours on elderly people's visuospatial navigation performances by using a head mounted display. The experiment was conducted with 90 participants in three phases; eligibility questionnaires, testing on computer, and presence questionnaire. The findings showed that neutral coloured setting affected participants' visuospatial navigation performances negatively compared to warm and cool coloured settings. However, there was no significant performance difference between warm and cool coloured environments. In addition to that, when they were asked to reach to the destination point, male participants spent shorter time, did fewer wrong turns, experienced fewer hesitations and travelled shorter distances compared to female participants. Currently, due to the increase in the elderly population, designing well-functioning interior spaces for the elderly has become a more pressing matter. The findings of this study will provide important clues for both interior designers and environmental psychologists.
Renkli bir duvar ve renkli bir tahtanın dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu olan çocukların performanslarına etkisi
Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) face many challenges throughout their educational lives. This study aims to find out whether there is a board and wall color combination that will help focus their attention in classroom environments. Therefore four experimental settings were prepared in which children with ADHD had to solve specially prepared tests on their most troublesome subjects. Results of one-way repeated measures ANOVAs showed that children with ADHD made significantly less errors in rooms where the board and wall colors were different than each other, in Coding and Matching tests. In the Pair Cancellation test participants performed significantly faster in the room in which both the board and the wall were painted red, compared to the room with white board and white walls. Although there is no significant difference between experimental settings in the reading task, it is observed that the participants with ADHD corrected their mistakes more in rooms with wall and board colors different than each other. As a result, painting the wall behind the board a different color than the board is recommended to help children with ADHD focus their attention more easily in classroom environments. With the findings of the current study it is believed that the use of color in different objects and environments in different educational activities can contribute positively to the learning abilities and mental states of children, young and adults with ADHD.
Rengin soyut imajlardaki görsel karmaşıklık üzerindeki rolü
Colors are important elements of everyday environment as they effect every part of our daily life including our physiology, psychology, well- being, perception, cognition, and etc. Colors are experienced and encountered in everyday environment and they are never seen in isolation since the environment which surrounds us presents the colors together with other colors (Kocaoğlu & Olguntürk, 2018). The thesis searches the association between color, visual complexity and visual interest in abstract images without isolating colors from each other, as previous studies did. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to understand the role of color on visual complexity and visual interest in abstract images in order to develop a theoretical measure that merges both scientific and artistic approaches of color. This study is conducted to find the level of visual complexity which makes an image visually interesting and the role of color within this phenomenon by using Delta E (ΔE) values of colors in abstract images. As the results of the study indicated, there was an inverted U- curve relationship between average Delta E values and both visual interest and visual complexity in abstract images.
Işığın renk sıcaklığının yansıtılan fraktal modeller üzerindeki etkisi: Görsel ilgi ve duygusal tepki
The aim of the present study is to examine the effects of color temperature of projected fractal patterns on visual interest and emotional response in interior spaces. The experiment consisted of two phases, which were carried out with two independent participant groups. In the first phase, the effects of five different complexity levels of two dimensional fractal patterns (D = 1.1, D = 1.3, D = 1.5, D = 1.7, D = 1.9) on visual interest and emotional response were examined. In the second phase, the effects of three different natural light color temperatures (noon sky – 4000K, overcast sky – 6500K, clear sky – 12000K) of three dimensional projected fractal patterns on visual interest and emotional response in interior spaces were evaluated. The participants consisted of sixty undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University. Results demonstrated that, in the first phase, the most visually interesting fractal pattern was high-complexity D = 1.7. Moreover, the results indicated that the complexity level of fractal patterns had no significant influence on participants' pleasure state, whereas complexity level had positive significant effects on participants' arousal state. In the second phase, results indicated that the most visually interesting projected fractal pattern was high-complexity D = 1.7 for all color temperatures (4000K, 6500K, & 12000K). Therefore, color temperature had no significant influence on the choice of fractal pattern complexity level in terms of visual interest. Regarding emotional response, the findings also demonstrated that color temperature had no significant influence on pleasure and arousal state. Consequently, the most influential outcome of the study was that, compared with color temperature, complexity level is a more significant factor related to visual interest and emotional response. The findings of the present study guides designers on the implementation of natural light patterns to for visual interesting interior spaces.
Tren istasyonlarındaki işaretleme sistemleri üzerinden rengin hafıza üzerine etkisi
In complex buildings, it is important to remember the color of information while finding the way with correct identifications. The purpose of the study is to understand the relationship between misleading information and color with the wayfinding process in train stations to compare different colors in terms of recognition. Recognition of color is tested according to false memory studies with misinformation paradigm. The experiment was conducted with six different colors; orange, magenta, turquoise, purple, white, and black. The participants were a total of ninety people of various ages and professions. The study was conducted in two phases. Firstly, they answered questions about the viewing conditions of their devices (smartphones, pad, laptop, and desktop). Secondly, they watched the first and the second videos that consisted of different sign colors in a virtual train station and answered questions that included images of the signage. It was found that there was no difference between different colors on remembering the sign color, misleading information, color scheme, location of the signage, color order, and color pairing. The colors included in the study were remembered in all considerations. The findings of the experiment can guide architects, interior architects and graphic designers who may be interested in sign design.
Ünıversite yurtlarında öğrencilerin açıklık ve doygunluk açısından renk tercihleri
Environments are considered as interior and exterior, both of which color is a vital part. The existing preferences studies mainly focus on hue and not enough on value and chroma which of three is the perceptual variables of color. Value has shown to be a more prominent factor in affecting color preferences than hue. The main goal of this research is to explore the relation of chroma and value to the preferences of university students. In this regard, university students expressed their preferences for 12 different surfaces taking place in the interiors of a dormitory room. Each surface was analyzed separately and the results showed that university students prefer high value in their color selections for dormitory rooms, except for two surfaces. The relationship between chroma and preferences have shown significant correlation except for the cabinet. Chroma and value were found to have a weak negative correlation. In the final part of the study, the role of gender was analyzed, considering the fact that dormitories are designed based on gender. The results indicated that gender and color preferences have a significant relationship regarding specific surfaces, differing among genders. Two surfaces were found to have statistically significant relations to males, namely, the walls, the floor and two surface showed significance for females, that are, the floor and the cabinet. All in all, the results indicate a common propensity for high value and low chroma with chromatic colors as well as a minor role of gender, effective in color preferences studies.
Rengin yaklaşma ve kaçınma davranışları üzerindeki etkisi
The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of color on approach avoidance behavior. For a better understanding of approach avoidance behavior both the hue of color and the location of color are studied. The experiment is conducted with six different sample groups and three different color settings which are gray, red and green. Under the three main color settings there were two sub settings as when the color is on the right and when the color is on the left. All the atmospheric properties other than color were kept same. University laboratory was turned into an environment where four identical stands that worked as displays for the items placed on them, a mirror and a seating unit was placed. The items exhibited were all women sports outwear of similar design and color. The participants were 108 students from Bilkent University. Each participant was taken in individually and asked to experience the space freely. Each participant was evaluated in terms of the total amount of time spent in the environment, number of items touched, time spent for investigating items, time spent for browsing items, number of items tried and their orientation patterns in the environment. All the constructs listed above were derived from the Mehrabian-Russell Stimulus Response Model. It was induced that the hue of the color does not have a significant influence on approach/avoidance behavior. However, the location of color in the environment has a strong influence on the orientation patterns of individuals and therefore associative with approach and avoidance behavior. It was observed that, people tend to go towards the differently colored part of the room.
Işığın renk sıcaklığının eğitim ortamlarında üniversite öğrencilerinin dikkat ve duygu durumu üzerine etkisi
The aim of this study is to understand the effects of correlated color temperature on sustained attention and mood of university students in learning environments and to compare different color temperatures. The experiment was conducted with two different sample groups in two different lighting settings; 4000 K and 6500 K in a single phase. The participants were ninety seven undergraduate students from Bilkent University. The participants were seated in a regular lecture room and tested by the researcher. They were asked to perform three paper- based tests; one of them about the sustained attention, d2 Test of Attention, and the other two about mood, PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule). It was found that correlated color temperature has no significant effect on concentration performance, errors of omission, total numbers of items processed. A certain conclusion could not be derived about the effect of color temperature on mood. However, color temperature has a significant effect on errors of commission and number of errors. It was found that 4000 K significantly increases errors of commission and number of errors, thus 6500 K is more appropriate for university learning environments. Keywords: Sustained Attention, Mood, Correlated Color Temperature, Lighting, University Learning Environment
İç mekanlarda alanın renk uyumu üzerine etkisi
The main aim of this study is to examine the effect of area on color harmony in interior spaces. Area in color harmony is the relative amount of different color areas represented as a proportion on which color harmony depends. Colors in the color scheme of an interior space are usually not applied in equal proportions of surface areas and considering the complex relations of colors in interior spaces, it is important to search for the principles of color harmony and area effects in interiors. The secondary aim of the study is to investigate how the term color harmony was defined and the link between color harmony and related terms used to define it. The related terms that are used to define color harmony can explain why a color scheme is evaluated as harmonious. In this study, three primary (red, blue, yellow) and three secondary (green, purple, orange) colors of Itten's color wheel were studied in a simulated office interior with three-color schemes emphasizing different proportional use of each color. There were four color combinations, each consisting of six images differing in areas of the constituent colors. Firstly, participants evaluated the harmony content of the images by comparing them in pairs. Secondly, they evaluated each image regarding the thirteen terms related to color harmony. Findings indicated that area had an effect on color harmony for two of the color combinations (warm and cool color schemes). However, there were no strong but rather moderate and weak correlations between color harmony and the terms. Keywords: Color Harmony, Three-Color Combinations, Experimental Color Harmony, Interior Space.
Renk ve malzeme çiftlerinin sıcaklık algısıyla ilişkisi
Warmth perception is physical, emotional, semantic, and sensorial bond between people and their environments. Warmth is a prominent characteristic of interior architecture and is related to colours and materials. Although the effects of single colours and single materials on warmth have been explored, colours and materials rarely appear alone in interiors and there has been no research on how paired colours and paired materials affect warmth perception in interiors. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to investigate their effects through a seven-point semantic differential scale and open ended questions.192 different participants assessed three different colours (red, white, and green), and their pairs or three different materials (fabric, timber, and plasterboard), and their pairs under controlled conditions. Findings demonstrated that single colours and paired colours both affect warmth perception in interiors. The effects of single colours in interiors are subtle in warmth perception: red is perceived warmer than green and green is perceived warmer than white. All single colours have a moderate level of warmth in interiors as pairs, consequently red (warm colour) appears to increase and white (achromatic colour) appears to decrease the warmth perception of their pairs. Furthermore, as single materials timber and fabric have the same level of warmth and are warmer than plasterboard whereas there is not any difference between pairs. Findings indicated that natural materials are perceived warmer than artificial one. Keywords: Colour, Interior Architecture, Material, Warmth Perception.
Renk-doku ilişkilerinin tercihler üzerindeki etkisi
This study analyzes the possible existence of a relationship between color and texture in terms of preference. One hundred design-trained and 96 non-design trained respondents underwent an experiment carried out in a virtual and abstract environment. 12 color-texture mapped squares, (4 colors x 3 textures) were placed in a neutral grey colored background and shown to the respondents. They responded the question about their most preferred color-association. As a second part of the experiment, they answered also about their most preferred texture strength of the previously selected square. Results of the study deny the existence of a dependency between color and texture. Moreover, blue was the overall most preferred color in any context. Fine textures were preferred more compared to coarse ones. In addition, small changes were observed in terms of preference between the design trained and non-design trained respondents. However, gender was not a prominent factor affecting preferences in this study. Keywords: Color, Color-Texture Associations, Preference, Texture