Theses supervised by Prof. Dr. Bertil Emrah Oder
15 theses · Koç University
Aydınlatılmış onam ve insan hakları
Ötanazi, intihara yardım, tedavinin reddi gibi birçok tartışmalı konu tıp etiği ve hukukun işbirliğini gerektirmektedir. Tıbbi müdahalelerin ilgililerin hür iradesine dayanması gerekliliği de yine hukuk sistemlerince güvence altına alınmalıdır. Bu bağlamda, karşımıza çıkan kavram aydınlatılmış onam olacaktır. Hastaların kendilerine uygulanacak tıbbi müdahaleler hakkında yeterince bilgilendirildikten sonra ilgili müdahaleyi kabul ya da reddetmeleri anlamına gelen aydınlatılmış onam insan onuru ve özerkliğinin bir gereğidir. Aydınlatılmış onamın; insan onuru ve kendi kaderini belirleme hakkı, yaşama hakkı, sağlık hakkı gibi en önemli insan hakları ile yakın ilişkisi sebebiyle başlı başına bir insan hakkı olduğu ileri sürülebilir. Bu kabul aydınlatılmış onamdan beklenen faydaların gerçekleşebilmesi ve hasta özerkliği ve kendi geleceğini belirleme hakkının kâğıt üzerinde soyut bir kavram olarak kalmaması açısından önemlidir. Bu sebeple çalışma, aydınlatılmış onam hakkının etkinliği ve etkililiği bakımından tespit ve fikirler sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışma aydınlatılmış onamı; etik ve ahlak boyutu, neliği ve aydınlatılmış onam hukuku olmak üzere üç ayrı başlık altında irdelemektedir. Birinci bölüm aydınlatılmış onamın bir insan hakkı olarak kabulüne gerekli altyapıyı hazırlarken, ikinci bölüm çalışmanın teknik yönünü oluşturmaktadır. Üçüncü ve son bölüm ise uluslararası ve ulusal hukukta aydınlatılmış onamın konumuna ve bu konumun geliştirilmesi için yapılması gerekenlere işaret ettiği için önemlidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: aydınlatılmış onam, hasta özerkliği, kendi geleceğini belirleme hakkı, tıp etiği, insan hakları
Assessing the contribution of the CJEU to developing the EU fundamental right to protection of personal data
The goal of the present dissertation was to investigate what is the fundamental right to protection of personal data. In the EU, this right gained prominence in the last decade especially. It was the cause of the pivotal legislative changes (i.e. GDPR) as well as the seminal decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) invalidating both the EU legislative instruments and international agreements on data transfers. Judgments such as Digital Rights Ireland, Tele2 Sverige, Schrems II, Privacy International, La Quadrature du Net, as well as Opinion 1/15 have demonstrated the importance of the right to data protection. Despite the visible prominence, little consensus is found regarding its scope and limits. This research was designed in a doctrinal methodological framework. The focus of the research was to analyze the meanings of the right as provided by the CJEU and in scholarly opinions. The scholarly works analyzed include close to 150 publications, while the cases considered account for 51 judgments of the CJEU. The primary aim of close reading of this case law and sources is to provide a thorough examination of the structural aspects of the fundamental right to protection of personal data. The results support the persisting lack of consensus, but they also show that sufficient material was produced to sketch out individual characteristics of the right. Regarding the scope of the right, the prevailing approach instructs that the states discharge their positive obligations towards data protection adequately by putting in a legislative framework. Ultimately, this understanding shifts the focus of any inquiry on the adequacy of protection to an analysis of whether the provisions limiting or removing data protection safeguards are justifiable under Article 52(1) of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (CFREU). While the CJEU has not fully entered the unknown terrain of determining permissible limitations distinctively for Article 8 CFREU, the present dissertation analyses the most important findings in that regard thus far. Overall, the study contributes to the literature on the general CFREU doctrine on the example of the right to protection of personal data. It provides a theoretical perspective on recent developments in the data protection field suggesting it is likely to be further amplified in practice and scholarship.
Elements contributing to violence against women in South Asia
With repressive regimes and the far right on the ascendant, fundamental rights continue to erode. The world has recently seen leaders like Donald Trump and Imran Khan espouse misogynistic views, thereby, emboldening their supporters who hold similar views and enabling them to marginalize the women around them. As these supporters attempt to preserve the patriarchy, they often resort to the use of violence to maintain their hegemony and control over women. These proclivities have also increased in South Asia where governments have both: perpetrated violence against women and in other instances enabling those who perpetrate such violence. Supported by a misogynistic and patriarchal culture, violence against women is not commonly seen as criminal conduct in the South Asian society especially if it is being committed in the name of honor. This paper traces the elements that have contributed to violence in Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, and Myanmar, examining the State's role in oppressing women when they challenge its entrenched political interests and also the State's abandonment of women at the altar of political expediency. This paper then sheds light on such violence and attempts to arrest the growth thereof.
İklim krizi ve hukukun hak temelli dönüşümü: Uluslararası hukuktaki gelişmeler ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi
Dünyamız, insan faaliyetleri sebebiyle ekosisteminde geri dönülemez ve yıkıcı sonuçlar doğuracak biçimde ısınmakta olup, insanlık bir iklim kriziyle karşı karşıyadır. İklim krizi, insan örgütlenmesini ciddi anlamda etkileyecek bir fenomen olarak sosyal yaşamı düzenleyen hukukun da bir konusudur. Dolayısıyla, bu çalışma da iklim krizine karşı hukuk eliyle nasıl mücadele edilebileceği sorgulanacaktır. Hukuk, iklim krizine yol açan kapitalizm ve liberal mülkiyeti güvence altına alan bir olgu olarak iklim krizinin failleri arasındadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın ilk başlığında mevcut insan merkezli hukukun iklim krizi karşısındaki sınırlılıkları irdelenerek, bu paradigmanın nasıl aşılabileceği tartışılacaktır. İklim krizi karşısında hukukun nasıl bir dönüşüm geçirmesi gerektiği yönünde çeşitli görüşler olmakla birlikte genel olarak kabul gören ve iklim krizinin ilk kez düzenleme alanı bulduğu uluslararası çevre hukukunun da takip ettiği görüş, insan merkezli paradigma içerisinde kalınarak sürdürülebilir kalkınma kavramı ve insan hakları hukuku eliyle hukukun sınırlılıklarının aşılması yönündedir. Dolayısıyla çalışmanın ikinci bölümündeyse iklim krizi karşısında uluslararası çevre hukukunun dönüşümü irdelenecektir. Fakat uluslararası çevre hukuku, iklim kriziyle yeterli düzeyde mücadeleyi mümkün kılmamış ve bu durum sivil toplumda mahkemeler eliyle devletlerini iklim eylemi almaya yöneltme eğilimini oluşturarak hukuk dünyasında yeni bir dava tipi olan iklim davalarının doğmasını sağlamıştır. Bu doğrultuda, günümüzde devletlerin kapsamlı iklim eylemine yöneltilmesinin temel araçlarından biri haline gelen iklim davalarının dünyadaki önemli örnekleri incelendikten sonra çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde henüz hiçbir iklim davası kararı vermemiş ve fakat ihtiva ettiği potansiyel sebebiyle iklim mücadelesinden çok önemli bir yere sahip Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi'nin iklim krizi karşısında Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi'ne nasıl bir yön verebileceği inceleme konusu yapılacaktır.
Analyzing of legitimate interest under the general data protection regulation in the light of the court of justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights Case Law
Legitimate interest is one of the most intriguing and ambiguous subjects under data protection law. It is difficult to define as a notion and its repercussions in practice cannot be easily anticipated. The goal of the present thesis is to investigate whether legitimate interest clause under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides an effective protection. To answer this question, first, circumstances that created the GDPR and the reasons why it was needed are explained from the legitimate interest perspective. Second, the consequences of the lack of legal certainty caused by the legitimate interest clause are pointed out. Third, benchmarks are drawn up for an optimum balance testing by specifying which elements should be considered in a legitimate interest review one by one. Since the case law of both CJEU and ECtHR play a critical role in ensuring legal certainty, related landmark cases are examined in a comparative way. Lastly, a legal projection of what awaits the legitimate interest in the future is demonstrated with the help of the Article 29 Working Party opinions, national data protection authorities' decisions and international guidelines and recommendations.
Thinking of the ECtHR case law on same-sex marriage from the perspective of modern natural law: An evaluation based on the right to marry under the ECHR
This thesis explores the applicability of modern natural law concepts to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) judgements on same-sex marriage. Drawing on the theories of leading modern natural law scholars Lon Fuller and Ronald Dworkin, the study contrasts modern natural law philosophy against traditional natural law approaches, focusing on the individual-based perspectives that form the core of modern natural law. The research provides a comprehensive examination of two ECtHR judgements on same-sex marriage through the lens of Fuller's "Morality of Aspiration ", "Internal Morality of Law", and "Reciprocity", as well as Dworkin's "Right Answer Thesis" and "Law as Integrity". It critically assesses the ECtHR's heteronormative approach, the interpretation of equal marriage rights for same-sex couples, and the Court's use of the doctrines of "European consensus" and "margin of appreciation". Through the conceptual and doctrinal legal research methodology, the thesis reinterprets modern natural law theories to highlight the gaps in the ECtHR's decision making process regarding same-sex marriage. It seeks to identify innovative interpretation methods that may address these gaps, aiming to engender a paradigm shift in the legal discourse surrounding same-sex marriage under Article 12 of the ECHR. Ultimately, this study hopes to contribute to the evolution of ECtHR judgements in line with modern natural law philosophy. Key words: European Court of Human Rights, Modern Natural Law, Same-Sex Marriage, Morality of Aspiration, Internal Morality of Law, Reciprocity, Right Answer Thesis, Law as Integrity.
The right to equality and non-discrimination in artificial intelligence: legal issues, challenges, and prospects
Artificial intelligence (AI) is inducing a transformation of the world and human lives. One element of this transformation is the impact of artificial intelligence on human rights, and one critical concern within human rights is its discriminatory impacts. The discriminatory impacts of artificial intelligence require researching the matter in the context of the right to equality and non-discrimination. The first chapter of this study handles the equality and discrimination related matters in artificial intelligence as a human rights law problem within the scope of the right to equality and non-discrimination by going over relevant definitions and notions with the aim to integrate its technical and ethical facets with the legal perspective. The second chapter examines how discrimination through artificial intelligence emanates by scrutinizing different areas of artificial intelligence use and examples of discrimination through artificial intelligence under the discrimination grounds established in human rights law. The second chapter later addresses discrimination through artificial intelligence under the existing international human rights law. It explores different potentials for positive and procedural obligations and aims to visualize discrimination through artificial intelligence by building on the discrimination test developed by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Looking at the existing international human rights law also provides a bridge to examining how specific regulations for artificial intelligence may address discrimination through artificial intelligence. The third chapter examines what the regulatory works on artificial intelligence promise for the right to equality and non-discrimination in the context of artificial intelligence by exploring both non-binding and binding documents, including those from the Council of Europe (CoE) and the European Union (EU), in light of the principles for artificial intelligence, including transparency and explainability, accountability, human control and oversight, and security and safety.
Local governments pursuit to social inclusion: Perspectives from the south african and Turkish legal and policy frameworks
Türkiye and South Africa are clear examples of how the administrative system is shaped along the lines of political, social and historical factors. Türkiye being a civil law nation, subsequently adopted a style of municipal governance similar to the rest of Europe as a member of the council of Europe. South Africa's Roman Dutch law administrative system in the last 29 years has been shaped along lines of democracy, accountability, and equality. International and regional instruments compel both Türkiye and South Africa to develop human rights-based approaches relating to local government law and policy. In aspiring to undergo transformation, South Africa and Türkiye undertook reforms in their local government laws over the years. Taking note of the fact that Türkiye is a monist state, international instruments immediately become part of Turkish law once ratified. In case of South Africa, the Constitution in Section 39(1) (a-c) explicitly references to the use of foreign and international normative approaches in shaping its laws. However, the South African Constitutional court has been avoiding going one step further in developing the minimum core of Social and Economic Rights in the famous cases on health, water and sanitation which partially fall within the scope local government duties. For this reason, this comparative study aims to find alternative approaches to socio-economic rights such as the pursuit of social inclusion from a planning law perspective at local government level. The study draws inspiration from the 'most similar cases principle' of Ran Hirschl as a chosen methodology. This 'most similar cases principle' used in this thesis builds on the capability approach, socio-economic rights-based approaches and coding of capital in line with the Sustainable Development goals to draw a casual inference in making this comparison. Spotting similarities and how such similarities are linked to the main problem that is social inclusion and social exclusion. Although there may be some differences on how law and policy concerning social inclusion are designed and implemented, the method has an emphasis on similar traits which is subsequently followed by the differences. The thesis basically breaks up into 7 dimensions categorised into (i)housing matters, (ii)access to safe public spaces, (iii)access to transport, (iv)water and sanitation, (v)access to health, (vi)access to information, and (vii) gender matters. The study will contextualize these 7 dimensions of law and policy with the aim of drawing up normative approaches that can be best understood to outline the meaning and purpose of social inclusion from a local government perspective. The original contribution of this thesis intends to re-imagine how the legislative and policy regimes in the two countries can be understood within the context of the capability approach and social capital, to realise the pursuit of social inclusion at local government level. Key words: social inclusion, social exclusion, capability approach, service delivery, sustainable development, socio-economic rights, discrimination, informal settlements, social justice
Bodies of citizens: Can a non-binary body be the subject of human rights?
This dissertation aims to present a critical assessment on the question of a subjects of human rights by focusing non-binary bodies, specifically transgender and intersex bodies, which do not fit into gendered citizenship categories and investigates how the sovereign makes those non-binary bodies legally absent by categorizing citizenship only in two categories: male and female. By theoretically scrutinising the tension between the universality claim of human rights and the question of the subject of human rights, the dissertation first argues that the subject of human rights is not the human beings but the citizens. Accordingly, locating who are the beneficiaries of citizenship status, it investigates the role of gender and sexuality in identifying and classifying citizens. Determining the citizenship status belongs only to two types of citizens, namely female and male citizens, it argues that non-binaries who do not fit into these given citizenship categories or whose gender is not legally recognized are excluded from citizenship status therefore, from the subject of human rights. The dissertation also analysis the legal standards and practices on legal gender recognition. While it examines the normative framework provided by international and regional human rights law on the legal recognition of gender and various state practices on legal recognition of gender, it simultaneously reveals that state practices not only diverge dramatically from international human rights standards, but also radically diverge from each other. Lastly, drawing on theoretical frameworks by Hannah Arendt, Carl Schmitt, Giorgio Agamben, and Michel Foucault, it offers the reader a novel theoretical path to follow on the relationship between legal recognition of gender, right to have rights and the subject of human rights, and argues that the sovereign "who decides the exception" does also decide that only certain bodies come to be recognized as a person thus, unrecognized bodies are excluded from having right to have rights and subject of human rights. Accordingly, the dissertation concludes that citizenship is not the only requirement for being the subject of human rights: a national can be still 'abandoned in the bare life' by the sovereign decision since the question of the subject of human rights goes beyond citizenship, indeed, it is a question of gendered citizenship. Keywords: Universality of human rights, the subject of human rights, citizenship, legal recognition of gender, sovereign decision, right to have rights, biopower, bare life, gendered citizenship.
A study on violence against women and girls and its legal and policy regulation in Central Asia
Central Asian women and girls are often subjected to various forms of abuse. Although the region has adopted related international and specialized domestic legal and policy frameworks in the field of human rights, the prevention of violence against women and girls (VAWG) is not addressed sufficiently. This dissertation aims to broadly explore the problem of gender-based violence and questions of its legal and policy regulation in the Central Asian region, particularly in these four states: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. To achieve this goal, the study connects the theoretical framework, historical context, forms of gendered violence, and legal and policy landscape. First, it provides an overview of the theoretical roots of the issue to facilitate understanding of what VAWG is. Second, it examines gendered violence issues specific to Central Asia by focusing on several aspects. Specifically, the discourse introduces the historical background of Central Asian women's rights with its impact on the present VAWG context and investigates whether the barriers were created by Central Asian authoritarianism to gender equality and VAWG elimination. The study then identifies forms of gender-based violence that exist in the Central Asian region. These include such common VAWG instances as domestic violence, trafficking in women, femicide, and others, followed by specific forms of VAWG prescribed by traditional practices of peoples of Central Asia, such as bride kidnapping ("kyz ala kachuu"), "kelinism" and early marriages. Third, in a comparative analysis, the progress, challenges, and outlook of the four Central Asian countries in addressing the issue of VAWG are scrutinized from legal and policy perspectives. The analysis covers aspects such as the alignment of four Central Asian states with global standards on VAWG, with an emphasis on CEDAW (particularly CEDAW's VAWG-related Recommendations) and the Beijing Declaration. Finally, the dissertation examines the question of how Central Asian countries regulate gender-based violence through a detailed examination of their domestic laws and policies related to VAWG, along with advancement and challenges in their implementation. Aside from a review of relevant literature and normative analysis of VAWG laws and policies, the research is complemented by semi-structured, in-depth interviews with experts specializing in women's rights and gender issues in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, who provided subsidiary practical insights into the regulation of gender-based violence in the Central Asian region.
Protection of animal interests within the framework of human rights
Humans have a complex relationship with other animals and animal species daily. Numerous legal systems contain norms that regulate humans' interaction with or treatment of other animals. In cases where there is an interference with a human right in consideration of an animal interest, or where the interference with a human right indirectly affects an animal interest, the position of animal interests vis-à-vis human rights should be determined. To answer how and to what extent animal interests can be regarded in legal disputes relating to human rights, it is important to revisit the notion of rights. Since human rights stem from common human interests, and those interests mostly intersect common animal interests as a result of sentience in animals, theoretical bases of justification for human rights and potential animal rights are comparable to one another. Despite this intersectionality, there is currently no legal system in which animals other than humans can hold rights. On the other hand, it is possible to encounter legal norms at both domestic and international levels that protect specific animal interests. The degree of protection varies considerably. A few constitutions are addressing certain animal interests, which do not only bind the legislature but also provide the judiciary with an interpretative ground. Several legal systems pay regard to animal interests through animal welfare regulations and anti-cruelty laws. Some legal systems also distinguish the legal status of animals other than humans from things. Conservation of animal species is often dealt with by international treaties due to the transnational character of the issue. These various national and international legal norms may contradict human rights in the course of their implementation. Protection of animal interests appears as a matter of public interest, and it may correspond to a legitimate aim for interfering with a human right. The proportionality of such an interference is contingent upon the protection standard provided in the relevant legal system. If the animal interest is sufficiently compelling, it may be more worthy of protection than a conflicting human right. In addition, human rights enjoyed by animal rights defenders may indirectly serve animal interests. As more people become aware of sentience in animals and acknowledge that animals hold interests that matter to them, animal rights become more achievable. Considering that human rights arose out of similar concerns, the framework of human rights may play an effective role in the protection of animal interests, and it may shape the progress towards animal rights.
Avrupa'da Sığınma Hukuku: Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi'nin sığınma alanında hukuki standartlara yaptığı katkılar
The thesis aims to investigate the active role of the European Court of Human Rights (Court) in the interpretation and application of the fundamental rights and principles in the field of asylum law. This research framework focuses on the question: To what extent has the Court contributed to the legal standards of asylum protection? The study examines, firstly, fundamental rights and principles set out in the main international instruments in order to explore the legal bases of asylum law. Then, it analyses the EU asylum acquis based on its background and its legal context with the aim of tracing the development of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). This analysis aims to explore the rights and procedures presented in the EU secondary legislation establishing the CEAS. In light of these examinations, finally, the study focuses on the related articles of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and their applicability to asylum cases. Based on the assessment of the Court's case-law, the thesis presents its findings in the area of the Dublin procedure, non-refoulement principle, collective expulsion and detention to argue for the contributory role of the Court to asylum law. The thesis shows how the Court has interpreted the ECHR and improved the legal standards of the common principles in asylum law. Further, the study provides a comparative chart which lists the rights and principles presented in international law, European Union law and the ECHR law as well as the leading cases of the Court. Keywords: Asylum law, Common European Asylum System, European Convention on Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights.
Özel yaşamın korunmasına ilişkin anayasa normlarının bireysel başvuru içtihadında somutlaştırılması
Anayasa Mahkemesi bireysel başvuru içtihadında özel yaşamın korunmasına ilişkin hakları, Anayasa'nın 17., 20., 21. ve 22. maddelerini esas alarak yorumlamaktadır. Özel yaşamın korunmasına ilişkin hakların kapsamının geniş olması zengin bir içtihat birikimi oluşturmuştur. Bu araştırmanın amacı, bireysel başvuru içtihadını inceleyerek, özel yaşamın korunmasına ilişkin anayasa normlarının somutlaşma biçimlerini açıklığa kavuşturmaktır. Bu kapsamda araştırmanın ilk kısmında bireysel başvuru denetimi hakkında genel bilgiler verilmiştir. İkinci kısımda yöntemsel referansların yardımıyla bireysel başvuru kararlarında özel yaşamın korunmasına ilişkin normların somutlaştırılmasında kullanılan argümanlar incelenmiştir. Üçüncü kısım ve devamında ise özel yaşamın korunmasına ilişkin hakların somutlaşma biçimleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Araştırma, TÜBİTAK 1001 Bilimsel Ve Teknolojik Araştırma Projelerini Destekleme Programı kapsamında, "Anayasa Mahkemesi'ne Bireysel Başvuru Yolunun Anayasal Yoruma, Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukuku Yorumuna ve Yargı Sistemine Etkileri: 2012-2017 Yıllarına İlişkin Yargısal Örüntülerin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi" başlıklı projenin desteğiyle yürütülmüştür.
Yasama meclislerinde komisyonlar ve Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu'nun yasama sürecindeki rolü
Kadın-erkek eşitliğinin sağlanması, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinin gözetilmesi amacıyla yasama erkinde faaliyet göstermek üzere, dünyadaki birçok parlamentoda daimi nitelikli komisyonlar kurulmaktadır. Türkiye'de de, 5840 sayılı Kanun'un kabulü ile TBMM Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu ("KEFEK"), 2009 yılında kurulmuştur. TBMM Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu'nun yasama sürecindeki rolünü araştıran bu çalışmanın amacı, Komisyonun görev ve yetkileri ile bunları kullanma biçimi üzerinden Komisyonun rolünü ve yasama meclisi komisyonları arasındaki yerini tespit etmektedir. Komisyonun bu süreçteki rolünü nasıl yerine getirdiğini de araştıran çalışma, Komisyonun kuruluşundan bu yana gerçekleştirdiği faaliyetler üzerinden etkinliği ve etkililiği bakımından tespit ve öneriler sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda; KEFEK'in yasama komisyonları arasındaki yerinin tespit edilmesi amacıyla öncelikle, yasama meclislerinde yer alan komisyonlara ilişkin literatür ortaya konulmuştur. İkinci olarak, esas veya tali komisyon olarak kanun yapım sürecindeki görevi ve faaliyetlerine ilişkin bir etkinlik değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Son olarak; Komisyonun denetim görevi ile diğer görev ve faaliyetleri ele alınmış, Komisyonda görüşülen örnek kanun tasarıları bakımından Komisyonun tutumu incelenmiştir. Hak koruması bakımından toplumsal cinsiyet alanına en çok etki eden kanun tasarılarının seçilmesi ile Komisyonun tutumu; güçlülük-zayıflık, uzmanlık- sıradanlık ve partizanlık-objektiflik açılarından ele alınmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yasama Komisyonu, TBMM Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu, KEFEK, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği, kadın-erkek eşitliği.
Radyo, televizyon ve isteğe bağlı yayınların internet ortamından sunumu hakkında yönetmelik'in ifade özgürlüğü bağlamında değerlendirilmesi
Teknolojinin gelişmesi ile birlikte internet, günlük yaşantımıza dâhil olmuş ve özellikle kitle iletişim araçları arasında öne çıkan özellikleri neticesinde herkes için vazgeçilmez bir mecra haline gelmiştir. Teknoloji ve internet dünyasında yaşanan bu gelişmeler, medya ve iletişim sektörünün dinamiklerini değiştirmiştir. Radyo, televizyon veya isteğe bağlı yayın hizmetlerinin internet vasıtasıyla sunulması, bir yeni medya düzeni oluşturmuştur. Yeni medya düzeni kapsamında internet üzerinden yayın yapan platformlara talep her geçen gün artmakta ve konvansiyonel medya önemini kaybetmektedir. Bu gelişmelere istinaden, yeni medya düzenine yönelik yeni hukuki düzenlemeler gündeme gelmiştir. Konvansiyonel yayınlara göre daha yeni bir alan olan yeni medya düzenine ilişkin 6112 sayılı Radyo ve Televizyonların Kuruluş ve Yayın Hizmetleri Hakkında Kanun'a 29/A Maddesi eklenmiştir. Bu madde doğrultusunda 1 Ağustos 2019'da Resmî Gazete'de yayımlanan Radyo, Televizyon ve İsteğe Bağlı Yayınların İnternet Ortamından Sunumu Hakkında Yönetmelik (Yönetmelik) ile "yeni medya" adı verilen bu alan da tıpkı konvansiyonel yayınlarda olduğu gibi belirli düzenlemelere tabi tutulmuştur. Bu tezde, Yönetmelik'te yer alan hükümler, özellikle televizyon ve isteğe bağlı yayın hizmetlerini odakta tutarak hem teknik hem de normatif bakış açısıyla irdelenecek ve ardından anayasal bağlamda değerlendirilecektir. Bu kapsamda, ifade özgürlüğü ele alınacak olup ifade özgürlüğünün internet ve görsel-işitsel iletişim özgürlüğü ile kesişen alanları incelenecektir. Teknik ve normatif bilgi ile anayasal hakların incelenmesi sonucunda ise internet üzerinden sunulan yayın hizmetleri için getirilen düzenlemelere dair görüş, değerlendirme ve hukuk politikası önerileri sunularak tez sonlandırılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: RTÜK, BTK, yeni medya, ifade özgürlüğü, internet özgürlüğü, internet, görsel-işitsel iletişim özgürlüğü