Theses supervised by Ersun İşçioğlu
21 theses · Eastern Mediterranean University
Perception of Secondary School Teachers on the Use of ICT Tools: Case Study of Amman - Jordan
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) usefulness and continuous usage cannot be over emphasized, considering its adoption in the trending educational setting by teachers. The purpose of this research work is to analyze the secondary school teacher’s perception on the usefulness of ICT and its usage. And this study further investigated on the teacher’s perception on ICT use and other factors like, internet as a reliable source, social networks, work and ICT, security of internet, using of internet for building course content, other media etc., based on age, gender and years of experience of the participants. Questionnaires and interview questions were used for data collection from participants. The 40 chosen participants were all grouped and analyses based age, gender and years of experience. Descriptive analysis was done on the data gathered based on, t-test, ANOVA, frequencies, standard deviations and percentages. Analysis of the variables was done in other to detect the significant differences for the demographic features of participants. The results of this study showed that the perception of secondary school teachers on the usefulness of ICT tools and its usage is relatively very high and there were strong relationships on the teacher’s responses on their perception according to age, gender and years of experience. Keywords: Perception, ICT usage, ICT tools, Case Study
Instructional Quality of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and Open Courses (OCs)
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is playing a very important role in today Education. The purpose of the study is to assess and compare Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and Open Courses (OCs) based on the first principles of instruction. Inventory was used for the collection of data through evaluations of the various MOOCs and OCs. The chosen 57 courses were grouped into xMOOCs, cMOOCs, Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU) and other Universities (OTU) OCs. This study, it is obtained that the instructional design of various courses is not successful. Moreover, it is observed that the principles of instruction showed that there is statistical significant difference in designing instructional materials by the MOOCs and OCs designers. Data were analyzed with SPSS by descriptive methods. EMU OCs score very low point in the problems center principles with average score in the objectives and organizations. Keywords: Distance Education, Online learning, MOOCs, Open Courses, Learners.
Virtual Socialization, Sharing and Loneliness Level of Primary School Teachers: A Case Study of Famagusta, North Cyprus
In social sciences environment is becoming very essential in any given field. Virtual learning environment is one of the on-going trends in our primary education today. In fact, it has been increasingly luring the social scientists who dedicate most of their studies in field researches. The main purpose of this study is to find out teachers perspective about a virtual learning environment, with regards to virtual socialization, virtual sharing and to investigate the loneliness level of primary school teachers in virtual environment. This thesis make use of a mixed approach in data collection, as data will be retrieved from the participant with the use of a questionnaire aiming to evaluate teachers’ loneliness level in virtual learning environments that will be administered among 153 instructors in 32 Primary schools within the Famagusta District of North Cyprus. In the same vein, a semi-structured interview will be carried out. This study indicates that there is a firm correlation between teachers’ attitudes and virtual learning environments. The main findings of this study show that the level of teachers’ virtual socialization is higher than their loneliness level, and the teachers’ level of virtual sharing was at a lowest level. Keywords: Environment, Virtual Learning, Virtual Learning Environment, Famagusta, North Cyprus
Computer Programming Self-Efficacy Levels of Engineering Bachelor Students at Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU)
This study assessed Computer Programming Self-Efficacy (CPSE) Levels of engineering bachelor students at Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU). The research method of this study was quantitative method, using the survey technique furthermore a questionnaire with two sections consisting of demographic information plus a computer programming self-efficacy scale, was distributed among 510 engineering students from five different engineering departments, including Computer Engineering, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Civil Engineering departments. According to the results the CPSE level of engineering students at EMU can be measured as an average level also in some computer programming related tasks female have a higher CPSE level than male, on the other hand by comparing 5 engineering departments, it can be said that Computer Engineering and Electrical-Electronics Engineering students have a higher CPSE level than others however Civil Engineering students had the lowest CPSE level. Additionally, there was no noteworthy difference among students according to their grade (class level) but overall the CPSE level of 4th Year students were higher than others. Keywords: Self-Efficacy, Computer Programming Self-Efficacy, Engineering Students.
Mobile Learning Readiness of IT Students: An Example of EMU
This study investigates the Information Technology (IT) undergraduate students’ readiness levels about mobile learning in terms of age, gender and class levels based on the self-efficacy, optimism, and self-directed learning sub-dimensions in Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU). This study was designed using Quantitative research and Survey method which had a Mobile Learning Readiness (MLR) Scale that was used for data collection tool. The study (research) group of this research comprised of 201 registered bachelor students enlisted in the IT department at EMU in Fall 2018-2019 semester. All data collected was analysed using descriptive analysis techniques. Frequency (f), percentage (%), arithmetic mean (X), T-test and One-Way ANOVA was used for analysing the data. The findings showed strong indications that majority of the IT students demonstrated significantly high levels of readiness for mobile learning and there were no critical contrasts amidst mobile learning readiness as indicated by age and gender orientation. However, a significant difference exists between mobile learning readiness according to class levels of the students, which indicates that a relationship exists between IT students class levels and mobile learning readiness with the 4 th year IT students showing high levels of readiness for mobile learning while the 2nd year IT students showed the least level of readiness for mobile learning. Keywords: readiness, mobile learning readiness, self-efficacy, optimism, self-directed learning.
Design and Implementation of Project-Based Flipped Classroom: A Case Study of IT Students
The general consensus is that higher education organizations should support learners to be prepared for future learning in their educational life as well as their lives beyond the university. The project-based flipped classroom provides learners with a learner-centered approach and self-directed education using the online educational materials. Furthermore, it enhances the engagement and interaction of students with their peers and teachers. The main objective of this research is to investigate the students’ perceptions toward a novel learning method, named as project-based flipped classroom. The study designed and implemented a project-based flipped classroom for IT students at Eastern Mediterranean University. Moreover, the study is designed based on the triangulate research method. Total 30 under-graduate students participated in this study. Data were accumulated with close-ended questions and open-ended questions during this study. The collected data were analyzed with the descriptive analysis method. Negative and positive opinions of the students on project-based flipped classroom were assessed. The student’s achievement of this instructional method was found to be high. They expressed that educational environment is a rich environment where they were positively affected by their computer-based communication, working in a group, managing time and tasks in order to achieve their success. Keywords: Learning management system (LMS), project-based learning, flipped classroom, project-based flipped classroom
Eastern Mediterranean University Undergraduate Students Perspective on Digital Competence and Academic Literacy
Purpose of this study is to investigate undergraduate students’ perspective on the use of digital competence for academic literacy. This study used 400 EMU undergraduate students comprising of both males and females across all the eleven faculties as sample population. Data were collected with “Digital Competence and Academic Literacy” tool. Data gotten from the instrument were analyzed using frequency, percentage, T-test for testing the significant difference between students’ gender and ANOVA for testing the significant differences between students’ registered faculty. The results from this study indicate that EMU undergraduate students’ have preference for digital content given via multi-modal forms. Additionally, the results also show that there are significant differences in undergraduate perspective on the use of digital competence for academic literacy according to students’ gender and students registered faculty. Keywords: Digital Competence, Digital Literacy, Academic Literacy, Undergraduate Students.
Online Learning Readiness Level and Perceived Social Presence of The Teacher Candidate’s in The Online Learning Environment an E.M.U Example
Recent developments on the ICT’s have led to the emergence of major changes not only in people’s lives but also in educational environment. It is observed that distance learning programs are being very popular from many institutions. It is known that evaluation of the quality of the learning environment is very important for the distance education program’s achievements. The aim of this study is to investigate the online learning readiness level and perceived social presence of teacher candidates in terms of gender and branch. The research group of the study is consisted of, 94 students who’s registered at the online pedagogical formation program at the 2014-2015 academic fall term of the Eastern Mediterranean University. Online learning readiness scale developed by Hung, Chou, and Chen and Own (2010) which is translated into Turkish by Yurdugül and Alsancak Sirakaya (2013) and social presence scale developed by Arbaugh (2008) which is translated in Turkish by Kilic Cakmak, Cebi and Kan (2014) were apply for data collection. The result of this research identified that major numbers of teacher candidate’s online readiness level is relatively high and the online social presence level of the teacher candidates is medium. Although, there was some significant differences among males and females students in terms of social presence in the online learning environment. Keywords: Online Learning Readiness Level, Online Social Presence Level, Teacher Candidates
Satisfaction Level of Teacher Candidates in Online Learning: Case Study of Eastern Mediterranean University
In recent years, online learning environment has become popular since it provides flexibility in terms of time and place. The aim of the current study is to assess the level of satisfaction of teacher candidates. This study is formed as a “case study” by employing both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods to collect data from the respondents. Teacher candidates who are studying 2013-2014 Summer Semester Pedagogical formation certificate programs were chosen as a sample for the current study and sample size was determined as 291 respondents at EMU. The quantitative data were collected by appointing the “E-Learning Student Satisfaction Questionnaire” which proposed by Kantoglu et al., (2013). Furthermore, qualitative data was gathered by employing a semi-structured interview form. Current study has revealed that level of of satisfaction of teacher candidates were high for online learning environment. Moreover, results indicated that level of satisfaction of female teacher candidates were higher than the level of satisfaction of male teacher candidates in terms of quality of support services. Results also expressed that students in 29-36 age interval were having higher satisfaction level on online learning when compared with teacher candidates in 23-28 age interval in terms of the material usefulness and actuality of materials. Keywords: Student Satisfaction, Online Learning Environment, Online Learning Environment Student Satisfaction
Instructors’ Perceived Knowledge of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) at the Faculty of Education
The use of technology in instruction has brought about different perceptions. The need to know how teachers integrate technology in instruction has brought along side different views. Therefore, this study mainly seeks to understand these views on instructors’ perceived knowledge of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) as it examines how their views changes according to gender, age, period of service, ranking, employment status, department, and the state of in-service training oriented towards the use of technology. In order to achieve the above aim, the researcher statistically examined Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU) Faculty of Education instructors’ perceived knowledge of TPACK. In this thesis, a TPACK survey instrument was administered to 53 instructors, a questionnaire was used to ascertain their perception levels across the seven TPACK dimensions. Mean, standard deviation, percentage, frequency and non-parametric tests (Mann Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis test) were used for data analysis. The study reveals that instructors’ perceptions about TPACK were significantly high across all knowledge dimensions and there were statistical significant differences on how instructors viewed TPACK according to the above listed variables. These differences took place in Technological Knowledge (TK) and Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) according to gender, Technological Knowledge (TK) according to age, Technological Knowledge (TK) according to period of service, Technological Knowledge (TK), and Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (PCK) according to employment status, Technological Knowledge (TK), Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK) , and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) according to department and Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) according to in-service training. There was no change according to ranking. Keywords: TPACK, Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge, Perceived Knowledge of TPACK
An Assessment on the Cyber Human Values of EMU Students Based on their Behavior on Social Media
This study was conducted to examine the assessment on the cyber human values of EMU students based on their behavior on social media and how it differs according to gender, age, department and class level. The data collection tools used were quantitative research and survey method, Cyber Human Value (CHV) Scale which was applied to nine faculties (Faculty of Health Science, Faculty of Business and Economics, Faculty of Tourism, Faculty of Arts and Science, Faculty of Communication and Media Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Architecture, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering). The group of students who were part of this study include 271 registered bachelor, master and PhD students from these nine faculties at EMU who voluntarily participated in the survey. The descriptive analysis technique was used to analyze the data collected. Analyzing of the data was done using Percentage, T-test, one-way ANOVA and Frequency (f). The discoveries indicated solid signs that dominant part of the EMU students showed essentially elevated levels of Cyber Human Values and there were no basic contrasts in the midst of Cyber Human Values as demonstrated by age and gender orientation. Moreover, it was found that there is a difference between the class level of 1st year students and Cyber Human Value of EMU students which shows that 1st year students show high level of assessing Cyber Human Values. Keywords: Social Networking Site, Cyber world, Human values, Cyber Human Values.
Secondary School Students Perceptions of STEM in Western Nigeria
As the world advances through more and more technological breakthroughs, there is no doubt STEM education is the platform to be laid down for the new generation to get by. Like many developing countries, Nigeria is making effort in the development of STEM education. At middle school or secondary schools students begin to ponder about their career options. Secondary students seem to be shying away from STEM. The efforts made by the government with several programmes have not been effective enough. The aim of this study is to investigate secondary school student perceptions of STEM. This study was carried out in the south-west geo political zones of Nigeria. In this research a quantitative approach was employed by using a standard questionnaire to collect necessary data from students of age bracket 14 – 17. SPSS was used to analyse data. Descriptive – analysis, T-test and Annova test was carried out on the data collected. The results shows that students have high perception of STEM. It was also found out that age, gender and state of respondents is not a major factor influencing student‘s performance in STEM subjects.
Traffic Injury Prevention Techniques Using STATS19 Road Safety Data: A Model-comparison Approach
In this thesis, five models, which are based on artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM), were proposed for prediction of personal injury severities. The models were examined by two case studies using STATS19 road safety data that occurred in the city of London and Cambridge. The main purpose of the first case study was to identify the group most in need of road safety intervention by predicting the severities sustained by all road users. Using Radial Basis Function (RBFNN), different factors and areas of concern contributing to direct actual influences in both case studies were identified and ranked. In more detail to the first case study, non–motorised road users were recognised to benefit from the interventions. Therefore, the second case study aims to predict cyclist injury severities. Furthermore, most of the key factors in both case studies were in connection with busy junctions and poor turn / manoeuvres, here, truly protected junctions might be the best answer to create space for everybody. On focus to the two-wheeled group, there were limited crossing facilities near to where they cycled. Importantly for Britain's everyday cycling capital, narrow bike lane defenders are needed to provide a fully segregated solution where road width is too limited. In order to increase prediction accuracies, key factors were applied to multi–layer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) and SVM in both case studies. The models were selected as the benchmark due to their popularity in prediction modelling. Although the results of the predictions are encouraging, the models were not able to overcome incorrect predictions for ‘fatal’ and ‘serious injury’ severities due to limited data for those classes. In response to this, the two well-known models were combined as a hybrid MLPNN-SVM, and a learning vector quantization neural network (LVQNN) was improved for the first time ever to verify the best-fit model. Following this, different comparisons were made to evaluate the performance of the models in different classes. In addition, the models’ fitting results were presented and discussed, suggesting that all proposed models have ability to achieve satisfactory predictions, nevertheless, the improved LVQNN model performed better than others and was properly able to solve the incorrect predictions. This thesis concludes by identifying evidence-based road safety intervention options to mitigate the identified concerns. The general conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that most of the factors directly blame some kind of human error with high injury concentration being linked to junction actions. Therefore, in to crack down on bad driving / cycling, besides the road engineering interventions, it is recommended to deliver innovative road safety education and broadcast promotional messages for the recognised groups. Keywords: cyclist, driver, injury severity prediction, road safety intervention, STATS19.
Secondary School Teachers’ Attitude Towards the Use of Social Media as a Teaching Platform in Nigeria
Secondary School Teachers‘ attitude towards the use of social media as a platform for educational purposes in Nigeria. The main aim of the study is to investigate secondary school teachers‘ attitude towards use of social media as a teaching platform. The study makes use of quantitative methodology. 112 teachers within the country‘s capital city- Abuja participated as respondents to the distributed questionnaires. Findings reveal that teachers are familiar with at least two social media platforms namely Facebook and Youtube and frequent users of the aforementioned platforms as well. However, the least frequent and familiar sites are LinkedIn and Slideshare. The general attitude of the teachers are positive towards social media usage. Age and gender had no effect to teachers‘ general attitude towards social media.
An Assessment of the Use of ICT in Teaching and Learning in Public Secondary Schools in Northeastern Nigeria
The application of information and communications technology in Nigeria and in African countries generally is increasing and dramatically growing. Over the past few years, ICT has turned out to be a step by step more imperative to schools at all levels and to the entire education system at large. There exist an extensive variety of researches focused on the investigation of the utilization of ICT in the process of teaching and learning in Nigerian secondary schools. This study aimed to assess how ICT is used in teaching and learning in Nigerian public secondary schools particularly those from the Northeastern States from the viewpoint of students, instructors and administrators. Built on the three central research questions, the objective of this study is to assess the degree of usage of the ICT facilities in teaching and learning practices. In this study, a mixed-methods approach for data gathering was applied by using questionnaires and interviews to collect data from students, instructors and administrators in the studied states. The responses were then analyzed based on the research questions outlined in chapter one. The result shows that the use of ICT facilities are very low and this is attributed to the poor policy implementation, lack of basic social amenities and insecurity. Keywords: Information and Communication Technologies, Northeastern Nigeria, Public Secondary Schools.
Authentication System of Online Student Profiles with Blockchain Algorithm
Nowadays, use of internet by more people made the demand towards online education increase. Together with the integration of education and technology, these trainings have become available as a new channel on digital platforms. Therefore, educational institutions, especially universities and private enterprises have started to offer courses they provide in physical settings in online platforms as well. Just as in the courses given in the physical settings, when the determined learning outcomes are achieved, this success is documented through certificates or diplomas. Although, the concepts such as educational content and student information in educational institutions' own information systems are not digitally portable and shareable, it still needs a lot of work flow based on manpower and physical documentation which carries qualities that lack behind the online technologies, unreliable and also not without integration problems. In the scope of this work, it is aimed to provide a system where the data of the educational background of individuals can be stored and verified using blockchain algorithms. Blockchain is a distributed recording system that can be shared by many parties, facilitating the recording of new processes while making it easier to monitor over the network of an unbreakable data set. Along with the fact that data security, verifiability and durability can be ensured in electronic form by using only blockchain, it also enables learning records to be stored and shared without a central authority. Another advantage of verifiability is to prevent imitation of the identity and documents of educational institutions and to protect the dignity of both academic and non-academic institutions. In addition to the basic facilities provided by the Blockchain system, the new possibilities and uses that come up with the combination of learning needs and technology are evaluated. It is an example of the fact that students are not limited to the educational opportunities of an educational iv institution but can also provide the educational resources of the fields they want to specialize from different educational institutions. The educational plans that can be obtained through digitalized data are considered as new advantages that can be offered to institutions and education designers. This study goes through an exemplary application design to address the assessments identified. Keywords: Blockchain, Certification, Diploma, Transcript, E-Learning, Educational Technologies, Information Systems, Verification.
Students’ Attitudes toward Game-Aided Learning Environment: The Case Study of Eastern Mediterranean Doğa College 6th Grade
Gaming has turned out to be one of the domineering issues in the lives of learners, Scholars and educationists have sought to include computer and other hardware games into numerous fields of education and other curriculum in other to efficiently and effectively influence learners’ learning. The significance of this research is aimed to analyze the attitudes of students. This study focused on different variables such as time spent by students on games, factors that motivate the learner and also their general attitude towards digital game used in educational settings. Data was collected from the students via questionnaire and interview questions. The sample of the study consists of 72 students studying at the Eastern Mediterranean Nature College 6th grade. At the same time, the case study was used in this study and the questionnaire was used to collect data from participant and the findings were supported by using interview questions’ results. One Way Anova and independent t test have been used to analyze and interpret the data. Findings of the study showed that, there is a positive attitudinal perception of the students toward the application of games in learning programming algorithm in classroom. It is also observed that male students show more motivation and willingness in the use of game appliance for education purpose in the classroom. Moreover, result shows that no significant difference exist between male and female students towards game utilization for academic purposes in the 6th grade classroom. On the other hand, it is observed that students spent more time on playing games most especially when it has to do with academic activities. Further findings in this study reveal students interest towards computer games. This is because computer games are very valuable to their academic activities; students saw that computer games are enjoyable, interesting and also exciting when utilized in the classroom. Finally, it was the result of fantastic game and competition activities that made students happy.
An Assessment of Learning Management Systems Acceptance: A Case Study of Payamnoor and Farhangian
Learning Management System (LMS), has played a significant role in education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the acceptance level of LMS amongst students of two Universities in Tehran, Payamnoor and Farhangian. The total number of participants was 200. This study was directed based on a quantitative research method and data collection from questionnaire which was then interpreted according to accurate statistical procedures through SPSS software. Results presented that most students regardless their gender, age, and department were satisfied with the usage (acceptance level) of Payamnoor and Farhangian LMSs. Students believed that both Payamnoor and Farhangian LMSs have a considerable capacity for development. Moreover, the research findings disclosed that there is no significant relationship between LMS acceptance dimensions including perceived usefulness, behavioral intention to use technology, attitude towards using technology, actual technology use and learners’ gender, age, and faculty. The studies revealed the freshman students facing more difficulties in using LMS. Keywords: E-learning, LMS, TAM, Learners.
Perception of Prospective Teachers’ Competencies about Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
In recent years, importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is gradually increasing day by day in many fields of area. In addition, one of the major areas affected by technology is education. Using ICT in education are indispensable tools such as computers, internet, projectors etc. for successful teaching and learning that the level of teachers‟ ICT competence directly affects the quality of education. (Akgül, Küpeli, & Kır, 2015) . In this context, investigation of teachers‟ ICT competence level is great importance for increasing quality of education. The purpose of this study is to research the general competencies of prospective teachers‟ perceptions within the context of teaching profession about information and communication technologies (ICT). Furthermore, it was targeted to compare the differences between perception of prospective teachers‟ ICT competency levels and some variables which are, gender, grade, department, nationality, frequency of internet usage, computer-related courses receive status, ownership of personal computers, and purpose of using computer and internet. The study group consisted of 718 prospective teachers in 12 different programs in Eastern Mediterranean University in 2015-2016 fall academic year. In addition, 5-point Likert scale was used to collect data with 30 items, which was “Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Efficacy Scale for Prospective Teachers”. It was developed by Şad & Nalçacı (2015) based on performance indicators for teaching profession, which was published in Turkey by The Ministry of National Education. The findings indicated that in general, perceptions of prospective teachers‟ competencies about ICT was adequate level. Correlation analysis has identified significant differences in ownership of personal computers and purpose of using computer and internet variables, whereas there were no differences in terms of grade, gender, department, nationality, computer-related courses receive and frequency of internet usage. Keywords: Prospective teachers, educational technology, perception of ICT competency, teacher competencies, information technology literacy
Student’s Perspectives of ICT Usage for Educational Purposes: a Case Study of EMU Mechanical Engineering
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has an important influence in engineering education. In this study, the department of mechanical engineering of Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU) is examined for the usage of ICT by undergraduate students for learning purposes. The study was designed as a quantitative research. The study was attended by 102 students enrolled in EMU mechanical engineering undergraduate program in 2015 - 2016 academic years. The results were analyzed with SPSS software. As a result of the study, it is observed that the increase in computer usage and the increased availability of software tools significantly affect the learning behaviors and expectations of engineering students. In addition, the study concluded that the opinions of undergraduate students of the mechanical engineering department at EMU on the use of ICT for educational purposes were positive.
High School Teacher’s Opinions and Problems Faced about Using Smart Board in Classroom: Famagusta District Sample
The development of technology has gained meaningful impact and has influenced the educational standard in this era of globalization. This dissertation aims at reviewing the perception of high school teachers, on the use of smart board in schools located in Famagusta (TRNC). A detailed investigation was done on why smart boards are being used as well as major problems faced in the period of usage. Also, the study aims at using the developed research questions to find answers of the problems related to the usage of smart board in the classroom by teachers. As a quantitative research work, one hundred and twenty eight (128) teachers from four selected secondary schools in Famagusta District in TRNC took part in the research. They include both male and female with different educational qualifications. Also variables such as age, profession, experience, weekly usage time of smart board, material design, coursetaken and certificate are major variables employed in the study. Descriptive technique was used in analyzing the general opinions of the teachers while Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) employed in calculating whether opinions deferred due to gender, age, experience or profession. Also, T-test is used in considering the significance between variables. Hence, the result found that age and profession didn’t affect their opinions but the level of experience influenced teacher’s perceptions. Furthermore, the result shows that teachers opinion towards smart-boards differ but not due to their age or profession. Keywords: Smart boards, Interactive Learning, Active learning.