Somalia
95 theses under this subject heading
The relationship between anti-corruption and economic development: The case of Banaadir Region Somalia
This study was carried out to examine the relationship between Anti-corruption practices and Economic development in the Banaadir region of Somalia. Especially, it sought to establish how Anti-corruption practices relate to economic development in the Banaadir region of Somalia. The study used the correlational research design to establish the relationship between Economic Development and Good Governance; Transparency Strategy; Social Integration variables. The methodology used was the quantitative method. Data were collected from respondents by use of a questionnaire. Census and stratified random sampling were used as sampling techniques to select 98 respondents out of the study population of 130 people. Pearson correlations analyses were used to establish the relationship among the study variables. The correlation revealed that good governance has a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship with the Economic Development of the Banaadir region of Somalia (r. 0.614. sig value = 0.000 p-value at 0.05), the Transparency Strategy has a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship with the economic development of the Banaadir region of Somalia (r. 0. 571. Sig value = 0.000 p-values at 0.05) and the Social Integration has a strong, positive and a statistically significant relationship with the economic development of the Banaadir region of Somalia (r= 0.685. sig value = 0.000 p-value at 0.05). All these findings are economic development perceptions of the surveyed people. The study recommends that Anti-corruption practices should be mitigated through good governance arrangements since this is what many scholars advocate for. Additionally, sustaining transparency when it comes to economic development eventually brings the smart way to develop terms of economic development of the Banaadir region of Somalia. The study recommends that Anti-corruption practices control more social integration arrangements and mutual interests in the society relating to the economic development of the Banaadir region of Somalia. Additionally, the study recommended promoting more and more social integration by building mutual contribution and demotivating all kinds of Anti-corruption practices. Key words: Anti-corruption, Economic Development, Good Governance, Transparency Strategy and Social Integration
Entrepreneurial characteristics and competencies as determinants of business performance: A study on small enterprises in Mogadishu, Somalia
The positive results of organizational success, arising from effective entrepreneurship has led academic and managerial attention on concepts of entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial characteristics in the recent decades. In Somalia particularly, the women have been found to be playing a significant role in the small business sector, despite the several financial, technical knowledge, and family-related challenges faced by them. The present research aims at assessing the effect of entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneur's demographic and personal characteristics on business performance among initial stage entrepreneurs. Further, it also aims at identifying the major challenges encountered by the women entrepreneurs involved in Small business in Somalia. The study adopted a quantitative examination approach, and collected data from a total of 187 small scale entrepreneurs in Mogadishu, Somalia, through the use of a structured, closed-ended questionnaire incorporating the Likert Scale. The study utilized the Simple percentage analysis, and the Chi-square test as its primary data analysis tools. The data collected was further analyzed by using SPSS Software. The study results showed the significant positive relation between entrepreneurial competencies such as problem-solving, willingness to learn and take risks; opportunity focused and good communication skills, and entrepreneurial characteristics such as self-confidence, learning from failure, long-term involvement, and thrive on competition and the business performance. Further, the study also supports the claim that Somali women entrepreneurs make a significant contribution to the small scale businesses in Somalia. However, the survey results have further brought forward several major challenges which are faced by the Somali women and must be catered to as an urgency.
Factors influencing women entrepreneurs businesssuccess in Somalia
Women entrepreneurs has been recognized during the last decade as an important untapped source of economic growth; they created new jobs for themselves and others and by being different also provide society with different solutions to management, organization and business problems as well as to the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. However, they still represent a minority of all entrepreneurs in the market world. Thus, there exists a market failure discriminating against women's possibility to become entrepreneurs and their possibility to become successful entrepreneurs. This study aimed at establishing whether, financial capital, fund support, Socio-economic and culture, market and network, government support influence women entrepreneurs business success were adopted as the theoretical framework for the study. A questionnaire was used for data collection, and it was distributed to the women entrepreneurs in the north east regions of Somalia as the sample of this study. Correlation, t-test and multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the research hypothesis. T-test analysis showed that the significant relation between demographic factors such as age, marital status, education, business age, source of capital, business type, and experience before start business and Factors influencing women entrepreneurs such as government support, market and network, socio-economic and culture and financial capital. Also multiple Regression and correlation analysis showed that collectively all factors have an insignificant values on women business success. However; research recommended for further study in the future, in order to investigate other important factors could influence the women entrepreneurs' business success and also a deeper investigation on the factors that not significant. It is also hoped that this study could contribute to the entrepreneurial literatures as well as practice.
Somaliland-Somalia talks: Historical background, process and prospects
Talks among states or among states and non-state actors are mainly secession talks or peace talks (conflict resolution). The purpose of the secession talks is to determine the future relations of two territories – whether they will stay united or separate into two states. Moreover, Negotiations are a crucial part in the process of recognizing new states. Most of the newly seceded, and then, internationally recognized states achieved this position through dialogue. This thesis examines the dialogue process between the Government of Somaliland and the Federal Government of Somalia that started in London in 2012 and collapsed in Istanbul in 2015. The former Somaliland British Protectorate and the former Italian Somaliland united on 1 July 1960, after gaining their independence from Britain and Italy (Italian Somaliland being under UN Mandated Italian Trusteeship) on 26 June and 1 July 1960, respectively, and thus forming the Somali Republic. After a 30-year long union, the central government of Somalia collapsed in 1991, when armed rebel groups, after a brutal civil war, ousted the late military dictator Mohamed Siad Barre. Consequently, Somaliland announced its secession from Somalia on 18 May 1991, and the two countries were separate ever since. Since the 2012 London Conference on Somalia, six round talks took place in London, Dubai, Ankara, Istanbul (twice) and Djibouti. However, the seventh round (Istanbul III) failed in January 2015 and then, the collapse of the entire dialogue process followed. The factors that led to the collapse of the talks include distant political positions, domestic and external pressure, lack of implementation of the previous agreements and unaddressed grievances and injustices.
Foreign intervention, radicalization, and political violence: harakat al-Shabaab al-mujahideen in Somalia
This study investigates the development of political violence phenomenon in Somalia spanning from 2001 to 2009, with a particular focus on the radicalization processes on the part of Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen. We assert that radicalization emerges as one of the potential outcomes on the part of an organization in a political struggle that unfolds in a complex, multifaceted, and contentious political setting. The main findings of this research are as follows: Radicalization dynamics exerted their influence more within the two episodes of social interactions. The first episode refers to the "onset of radicalization," which can be traced back to the conflictual dynamics between the faction leaders and other opposing forces vis-à-vis the Islamic groups and other rivals between 2002 and 2006, as the violence in targeted form took place through the mechanism of retaliation and added an ideological dimension to the conflict. It resulted in emboldening a network of dispersed individuals who later came to be known as al-Shabaab. The study regards the second episode as the most decisive factor. It begins with the Ethiopian intervention in Somalia between 2005 and 2009, which opened the floor for al-Shabaab to expand its tactical repertoire of action and modify its target preferences in a more institutionalized and aggressive manner, which we labeled "intensified radicalization." Political violence has been predominantly examined from security and terrorism studies perspectives, putting much emphasis directly on the 'stateless' environment and its consequences, i.e., anarchy and terrorism. Moreover, such approaches focus on the radicalization tendencies of individuals with respect to their psychological dispositions, emotional tendencies, educational background, or certain characteristics transmitted through genetic inheritance. Nevertheless, these approaches do not allow us to capture the whole process of conflictual dynamics in violence at length, and Somali studies have been no exception. This research follows a distinct approach to the phenomenon under investigation. We argue that political violence unfolds from the ebb and flow of collective claim-making and struggle for power on the part of a movement organization in the relational radicalization framework. Therefore, this study analyzes the radicalization process within a broader political context across distinct arenas of interactions in which the mobilization of social movements takes place. This study follows a mechanism-based research technique and embraces deductive and inductive reasoning. Regarding data collection, it relies on comprehensive face-to-face interviews carried out in Mogadishu, Somalia, coupled with 12 months of the research program as a research scholar at the University of Minnesota, United States. Additionally, secondary resources have been used to identify and locate a diverse range of sub-mechanisms that contributed to the emergence and escalation phases of the violent political campaign of al-Shabaab. After all, explaining how and when the radicalization process unfolded on the part of al-Shabaab, referring to the timing and sequences, constitutes the central area of investigation of this research.
Turkey's involvement in Somalia: How Somalis perceive Turkey's stabilization efforts in Somalia
The Somali state-building process has been a difficult task for both the Somalis and the international community since the fall of the central government in 1991. Research has shown that the chaotic nature of the Somali conflict continues to attract new actors that intervene in the Somali issues. This study aims to understand how Somalis perceive the presence of external actors in Somalia and their activities in the country. Particularly, this study asks how Somalis perceive Turkey's stabilization efforts in Somalia? The research is also interested in why they perceive the way they do.? Host population perception studies gained increased attention in the last two decades. Based on the literature review qualitative interview research was conducted, using a snowball sampling method, twenty-five open-ended questions were asked to fifty Somalis from different regions and backgrounds in Turkey. Analysis of the responses illustrated that the majority of the participants showed an enormous trust and love for Turkey and the projects it has been doing in Somalia both civil and government-led programs. Although there were a number of criticisms from the participants, the research focused on why Turkey's peace and state-building operations in Somalia were favored the highest among the multiple actors involved in the Somali peace process. The findings indicate that the failure of the traditional donors to achieve tangible results and bringing useful projects in Somalia, the successful Turkish aid model in 2011 and the common culture, history, and religion were among the main factors that contributed to the way Somalis perceive Turkey. Further research is needed to identify how Somalis perceive different actors involved in Somalis and what shapes their perceptions. Keywords: Host-Population, Peace Intervention, Perception, Somali conflict, Traditional Donors. Turkish Involvement
Somali toprak haritasının güncelleştirilmesi üzerine bir çalışma
Federal Somali Cumhuriyeti, 1990 yılında iç savaşın nedeniyle çökmüştür. O zaman, belgeler ve veriler de dâhil olmak üzere tüm değerli şeyler kaybolmuştur ve ülkenin ekonomik değeri de azalmıştır. Kaybolan belgeler içerisinde tarım ve toprak envanterleri de yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma yeniden verilerini toplayan ülke için önemli olabilecek toprak envanterlerine katkı sağlamak amaçlı yürütülmüştür. Çalışma da Somali toprak haritasının güncelleştirilmesi hedeflenirmiştir. Çalışmada ilk olarak, Somali'deki iklimin türünü göstermek için sıcaklık ve yağış içeren sayısal iklim haritaları geliştirilmiştir. Ayrıca sayısal jeoloji haritası, toprak haritası, eğim haritası ve sayısal yükseklik model haritası hazırlanmıştır. LANDSAT görüntüsünün kuru ve yağışlı dönemleri denetimsiz sınıflandırma kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve yağışlı ve kuru dönem arazi kullanım haritaları çıkarılmıştır. İkinci olarak, CBS teknolojisini kullanarak, tüm haritaları ağırlıklı bindirme (Weighted overlay) analizi ile üst üste çakıştırılmış ve faktöriyel toprak haritası sınırları üretilmiştir. Bu harita mevcutta var olan kaba ölçekli toprak haritası ile karşılaştırılarak güncellene bilirliğine yönelik bilgi üretilmiştir. Sonuç olarak mevcut toprak haritasında bazı sınırların hazırlanan bu veri seti ile daha detaylandırılabileceği ortaya konmuştur. Çalışma sayısal veriler ile Somali'nin toprak haritasının geliştirilebileceğini göstermektedir
The assessment of erosion risk and prediction of soil losses in Somalia
Soil erosion is a global environmental problem in the nature of food that is dangerous for future generations in terms of negative surveillance of the sustainability of the entire natural environment, especially agricultural areas, and security. As a matter of fact, studies on soil conservation and management primarily focus on the estimation of soil loss and the measures to be taken to reduce erosive processes. In this thesis, it is aimed to evaluate the soil erosion risk for Somalia by using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the European Land Cover Inventory Environmental Information Coordination (CORINE) models. In evaluating the risk of erosion in research and assessing the risk, the RUSLE model was used to estimate the amount of soil loss, and the CORINE model was used to determine the current and potential soil erosion risk situations. To generate soil maps using both methods, parameters such as depth, stoniness, climate, land cover, precipitation erosivity, soil erosion, slope length, and erosion control applications were integrated and used in the Geographical Information System. According to the RUSLE model A factor map result, 97.12% of the study area has low, 2.35% moderate, 0.52% high, and 0.004% very high erosion intensity. The findings of the CORINE model showed that 84.26% of the soils in the northern and central regions of the country were categorized as having a moderate true risk of soil erosion. The percentages of low and high true soil erosion risks were determined as 12.08% and 3.66%, respectively. Areas with a high risk of real soil erosion were found primarily in the southern parts, while areas with a medium level of real soil erosion risk were found to be distributed in the northern and middle parts. In the field controls, it was observed that the top soil was eroded, and there were traces of surface erosion in areas with high erosion intensity. Although water erosion has not been considered an important problem in the vast majority of Somali soils, planning agricultural activities in areas where erosion intensity is present will be an important step for the protection of soils.
Ethnic based federalism in Ethiopia: The Somali region case
Ethiopia is a sub-Saharan African country struggling with many problems such as unemployment, poverty, malnutrition, hunger, child mortality, agriculture-based economy, inadequate health, and inadequate education. In addition to these economic and social problems of the country, there are also political problems that must be overcome and that have seriously damaged the country for years. Although the country has a turbulent political past as it hosts many ethnic structures and cultures, the federal constitution that came into force in 1995 gave the ethnic groups living in the country their rights and gave them equal representation within the federation, and allowed residing in the country with their language, religion, and cultural values. However, it is unclear how well the ethnic federal model has been transformed into a functioning ethnic federal model. Although the Nation's Constitution guarantees decentralized and autonomous regional governments, political practices can largely ignore these principles. For this reason, in terms of Ethiopia's federalism, whether self-rule and shared rule are practiced in Somali and similar ethnic regions, or is the self-government and representation of ethnic structures only a constitutional expression. There were not enough research studies to provide a comprehensive and objective answer to this matter. Therefore, to contribute to these gaps, this study investigated how well Ethiopian ethnic federalism was implemented in the self-rule and shared rule of the Somali region. In this study, in which a qualitative research design was used, the data were collected by using semi-structured online interview questions from 6 people from different professions who have knowledge and experience about the Somali region. The research findings are presented under the titles of political participation, ethnic rights, resource allocation, representation, and expectations. The findings showed that there are problems with the political involvement in the Somali region and that the lack of political participation is seen at all levels, from the local level to the federal level. Regarding ethnic rights and ethnic relations, the research findings showed that the people of the Somali Region, like most of the country, are satisfied and hopeful about the ethnic rights offered by the Ethiopian constitution and the benefits of their implementation in the country. The region's people accept federalism as a solution for the real and radical implementation of these rights. Regarding resource allocation, it has been found that while it is stated in the country's constitution that resources should be allocated to the regions proportionally and fairly and that this allocation should be supervised, in practice, the resources are not distributed proportionally and fairly. They are not audited objectively and transparently. Regarding representation, it has been found that although people of Somali are satisfied with the rights such as self-government, recognition of ethnic identities, and living by protecting religious and cultural values, which are stipulated by the federal constitution, the promises of real ethnic self-government at the local level and egalitarian representation at the federal level have not yet been fully fulfilled. Regarding the anticipation, it has been found that people of the Somali region have expectations in the fields such as the operation of the current constitution, the strengthening of the federal structure, the guarantee of autonomy, the fundamental respect for ethnic identity, and the implementation of this respect in practice, as well as the elimination of the problems experienced in terms of basic needs such as water, electricity, health, education, and making adequate investments in these areas.
Somali'de sermaye birikiminin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi
This study examines the consequence of capital accumulation on economic growth in Somalia from 1989 - 2020. To create an economic model and assess the data, econometric methods of the OLS model were utilized. All variables underwent the unit root test, and some of them were discovered not to be stationary in the first difference model, but they are all stationary at the second level. An experiment of the Johnson co-integration hypothesis revealed that there is at least one co-integration between the variables of GDP, gross capital formation, export, saving, and exchange rate. The study set up a strong long-term correlation between Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth in Somalia. The research effort's empirical findings were created on the impact of capital accumulation on the expansion of the Somali economy. A policy recommendation was made such as government should sufficiently mobilize enough and allocate to the real sector for appropriate use and they must shape a good project system that is capable to meet up the demand of domestic and foreign investors.
African Union intervention and security Somalia between 2007-2018
The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of African Union Mission (AMISOM) on security in Somalia 2007-2018. The objectives were to determine the effect of African Union Mission Peace keeping force on security, to examine the ef-fect of African Union capacity building on security and to examine the effect of Af-rican Union human rights protection on security in Mogadishu Somalia. The data was attained from 384 respondents who provided information quantitatively using a questionnaire and simple documentary review. The study results show that African union capacity building has non -significant effect on security in muqdisho Somalia with level of significance above 0.05. African union peace keeping force and African union Human rights protection has a significant relationship with security in Somalia meaning that the functionality of AMISOM can induce security since all the level of significance were below 0.05.The study conclude that African Union Mission Peace keeping force existed in Somalia. They have operated vastly for long period of time; the study established that a little-significant effect exists between African union mis-sions on security in Mogadishu. It's concluded that African union mission has less contribution to security meaning other avenues are to be explored in enhancing the functionality of security apparatus in Somalia. Secondly the study conclude that AU capacity building in Mogadishu is existing there is little significant effect existing between AU capacity building and security in Mogadishu. Third objective concludes that the status of human rights implementation by African union is significant and can generate effective security management for the country. The human rights can be generated to enhance the security apparatus by increasing human rights observance in the country. The study further recommends that there that avenues for improving the peace keeping forces are prudent in generating the functionality of the state security. The study recommends that there is need for improved functionality of the capacity systems such as enhancement in capacity provided for the training, increases financial resources for the country by the United Nations in designing mechanisms necessary in increased attained capacity for the employees. The study further recommends that the African union need to generate effective concerns on human rights management with the sensitizations needed for developing effective consideration on concerns of human rights.
Effects of unemployment on economic growth in Somalia
This study looked at the connection between Somalia's unemployment rate and its economic growth. This study was done with the intention of analyzing how unemployment affects economic growth and offering suggestions on how to improve economic growth and decrease unemployment in Somalia in light of the country's current economic difficulties. The World Bank database and United Data database were used to provide annual secondary data spanning the years 1991 to 2020. The ARDL Bound Testing and the Parsimonious Error Correction Model (ECM) of the ARDL Model were used to analyze the data collected in order to test the relationship and analyze the effect, respectively. The results demonstrated a long-term relationship between Somalia's unemployment rate and economic growth, as well as a negative relationship between unemployment and GDP.
Media and the promotion of the national interest: Case of the Kenya-Somalia maritime border dispute
Background: The role of media has been studied in various conflict situations. Majority of studies have been keen on the role of media in conflict resolution and informing policy during conflict situation leaving out an important element on the media and promotion of national interest during international conflict. The current study aimed at investigating the role of media in promoting national interest in international conflict focusing on the maritime dispute between Kenya and Somalia maritime dispute. The study sought to address four research objectives: to determine the place of media in the national interest in the global discourse: to evaluate the role of media in the promotion of national interests in Africa: to compare the media discourse in Kenya with that of Somali on maritime conflict and to determine the place of the media in the promotion of national interests in Kenya's Somali maritime border dispute. Methods: This study adopted explorative research design based on mixed methods. The approach was deemed appropriate for collecting important data and information relating to the study considering the area of research was new and had not been previously explored in research. The use of mixed methods was deemed appropriate at it enabled the concurrent triangulation of the data relating to the study. Through comparing the qualitative and quantitative data the study was able to determine the areas of convergence and divergence of the study this enabled the researcher to fill the various gaps in the study. Results: Majority of the study participants acknowledged that media played a role in promoting national interest during the conflict (77.8%). The study also established that the most interactable media in the topic was television. Majority of the respondents acknowledge that the media played an important role in promoting national interest through agenda-setting, issue salience and by reporting on the conflict with responsibility and caution so as not to propagate the issue further. Conclusion: The study concluded that media plays an important role in advancing a country's national interest. While in countries like Kenya the media landscape is advanced and there is a level of media independence. In the Somalia context the media practitioners' actions can be influenced by the regulatory authorities who might call for the need for issues and certain agenda to be advanced. Besides, the media plays a role in promoting national interest through agenda setting, issue salience and reporting responsibly during conflict situations to avoid escalating the conflict even further. The study also indicated that the Somalia media was more accusatory compared to Kenyan media that provided platform for effective debates and shaping of the opinion of the major players in the media practice.
The impact of food import on Somali economic growth
This study investigates the relationship between food import and economic growth in Somalia over the period 2010Q1-2021Q1. The research employs data from the World Bank, which covers key macroeconomic indicators and food import statistics. The analysis is conducted using SPSS version 24, employing appropriate statistical techniques to assess the significance of the relationship. The study reveals a positive and significant impact of food import on Somali economic growth. By examining the time series data, this research identifies the crucial role played by food import in driving economic growth in Somalia. The findings emphasize the importance of assessing the impact of external factors, such as food import, on a nation's economic development. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the relationship between food import and economic growth in Somalia. The positive significance of food import implies that strategic policies aimed at enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of food imports can have a substantial impact on the country's economic growth trajectory. These results have significant policy implications for Somalia, as they highlight the need for effective strategies and measures to enhance the food import sector. Policymakers and stakeholders can utilize these findings to develop and implement policies that foster a conducive environment for food import, ensuring a sustainable and positive impact on economic growth. Overall, this research underscores the importance of analysing the impact of food import on economic growth in the specific context of Somalia. It provides insights into the potential benefits of prioritizing and strengthening the food import sector as a catalyst for economic development, thereby informing policymakers, researchers, and other stakeholders in their decision-making processes.
The impact of electronic payment systems on financial performance of small and medium-sized enterprises: A field study on a developing country
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in the Somalian economy, helping to create jobs, spur innovation, and reduce poverty. Many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), however, have difficulty gaining access to conventional banking and other forms of formal financial services. Somalia's reliance on cash-based transactions limits the country's economic potential, slows the country's development, and puts small and medium-sized enterprises at danger. These problems might be solved and the financial landscape for SMEs completely revamped with the adoption of electronic payment systems. After collecting information from participants, we used SPSS V25.0 to analyze the results. Both descriptive and inferential methods will be used in the study. The mean, standard deviation, frequencies, and histograms are all common descriptive analyses. The purpose of inferential analysis in statistics is to form inferences about the connections between variables. Multiple regression analysis will be used to establish a causal relationship between a dependent variable and its explanatory variables. The results of the study indicates that there is significant relationship between electron payment and financial performance. In sum, the adoption of Electronic Payment System has had a profound effect on the economic health of Somalia's SMEs. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) who adopt electronic payment systems see improvements in cash flow management, market penetration, customer satisfaction, and bottom line profitability. However, maximizing the promise of electronic payment systems for SMEs in Somalia requires solving the constraints of infrastructure, connectivity, and awareness. The implementation of electronic payment systems has the potential to boost Somalia's economy as a whole by bolstering the growth and development of small and medium-sized businesses.
From refuge to war zone: Policy failure in the involuntary return of Somali refugees to war-torn Somalia by the government of Kenya
In the world's real state of nature, people are forcefully evicted from their homes every other time either because they are targets of their state's persecutions or their state's failure to protect them from violent conflicts and wars that make people's homes inhabitable. They flee to other states in search of safety and because States, the world over, have collectively claimed the territories in form of physical boundaries, autonomy and sovereignty, these subjects of eviction transform to being refugees. Pushed from their homes, coupled with the fact that States continue to erect high border fences and walls and legislate restrictive migration policies aimed to wade off refugee claims, as they portray refugees as a burden and a problem to be addressed, their protection has been of primary concern to the international community. National asylum systems, however, have been inadequate and their procedures ineffective in addressing the plight of refugees. Structured around the following general research question: What are the policy failures in the motivations, interests and strategies by the Kenya Government, Federal Republic of Somalia, UNHCR and other stakeholders in pushing for repatriation of Somali Refugees spontaneously and prematurely?, the study answers the question by tracing the Kenyan asylum procedures over time with respect to the principles of non-refoulement and the right to asylum. Following a theoretical evaluation of these two key principles, both at the international and domestically in Kenya, and in the framework of the 1951 Refugee Convention, this study endeavored to show that the Kenyan asylum laws are not independent from the international asylum legal framework, and that Kenya must honour its international obligation to protect refugees. Taking account of Kenya's international obligation, the Federal Republic of Somalia's duty to create conditions of just return for its citizens and UNHCR's mandate to protect refugees, the study continues its analysis by qualitatively investigating the role and motivation of those three parties in promoting return of refugees at a time when Somalia is still not safe and the Federal Government of Somalia has admitted to not being able to accommodate large-scale returns of its nationals. The study concludes that the Government of Kenya's security and sovereignty concerns, the Somali Government's push for legitimacy after decades of war, and UNHCR's battle with host State's pressure to return refugees informed the decision to prematurely evict refugees from Kenya. Moreover, the study reveals the inadequacy of the Kenya's asylum space and advocates for hastening of the repeal of the Refugee Act 2006 by parliament so that refugees can adequately access protection. But before that happens, refugees in Kenya continue to suffer from inadequate protection challenges, and the international community and donor States are strongly encouraged to readapt their practices and align them to the refugee challenges of the 21st century. Top of the chart is the need to support Somalia's demographic security challenge whose picture portrays an outright outlier in the demographic sense, besides fixing the physical security situation in Somalia.
Humanitarian intervention realist concerns of liberal aims: A comparative study of Somalia and Rwanda
Humanitarian intervention, which aims to carry out one of the noblest intentions, seeking to rescue populations that are getting eradicated by their compatriots, and which is conducted via internationally legitimate actions, is a highly debated topic in international politics. The driving forces behind the intervention, i.e. whether it is interest or empathy/help, combined with the question whether intervention in a sovereign state is legal or not, are the main problems of the humanitarian intervention debate. This thesis compares two humanitarian interventions – Somalia (1992) and Rwanda (1994) – conducted by the United Nations to find out realist concerns within humanitarian interventions, as a form of the ultimate liberal cause in current international politics. By doing this, this thesis discusses the prevalence of the realist international politics theory even in liberal aims in an era of increasingly globalized foreign policy.
Türkiye'nin Somali'deki güvenlik politikaları
Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin Doğu Afrika'nın stratejik ülkesi olan Somali'de yürüttüğü güvenlik politikalarını incelemektedir. 2011 yılından itibaren Türkiye'nin Afrika açılımı kapsamında Somali ile ilişkilerinin hızla gelişmesi, hem insani yardım hem kalkınma iş birliği hem de askerî güvenlik alanındaki faaliyetlerin artmasıyla somut bir nitelik kazanmıştır. Türkiye'nin Somali'ye yönelik güvenlik politikaları, klasik insani diplomasi anlayışının ötesine geçerek güvenlik, kalkınma ve diplomasi üçgeninde bütüncül bir yaklaşım ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, Türkiye'nin Somali'deki güvenlik politikalarını hem askeri hem diplomatik boyutlarıyla ele almakta ve bu politikaların, Türkiye'nin Afrika'daki genel stratejik vizyonunun bir uzantısı olduğunu savunmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel amacı, Türkiye'nin Somali'deki güvenlik stratejisinin uluslararası sistemin anarşik yapısı içerisinde nasıl bir devlet davranışı sergilediğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu doğrultuda, realist ve özellikle neorealist güvenlik teorisi çerçevesinde, Türkiye'nin devlet merkezli bir güvenlik politikası izlediği; ancak bu politikanın klasik güç siyaseti anlayışından farklı olarak "akıllı güç" (smart power) stratejisiyle şekillendiği öne sürülmektedir. Türkiye, Somali'de sert gücün (askeri eğitim, güvenlik iş birliği, terörle mücadele) unsurlarını yumuşak güç (insani yardım, kalkınma, diplomasi) araçlarıyla birleştirerek çok boyutlu ve esnek bir güvenlik politikası geliştirmiştir. Bu yaklaşım, Türkiye'nin yalnızca güvenliği değil, aynı zamanda istikrarı ve sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı da hedeflediğini göstermektedir. Araştırmada nitel yöntem benimsenmiş; Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı, TİKA, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, AFAD, İletişim Başkanlığı ve çeşitli akademik kaynaklar temel veriler olarak kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, Türkiye'nin Somali'deki güvenlik politikalarının üç ana eksende şekillendiği görülmektedir: 1. Askerî ve güvenlik iş birliği: 2017'de açılan TÜRKSOM Askerî Eğitim Üssü, Türkiye'nin yurtdışındaki en büyük askeri tesisidir ve Somali ordusunun yeniden yapılandırılmasında kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. 2. İnsani ve kalkınma temelli güvenlik anlayışı: Sağlık, eğitim, altyapı, tarım ve kamu yönetimi gibi alanlarda gerçekleştirilen projeler, Türkiye'nin insani güvenlik perspektifini güçlendirmektedir. 3. Diplomatik ve stratejik etki alanı oluşturma: Türkiye'nin Mogadişu Büyükelçiliği, TİKA ve diğer kurumları aracılığıyla yürütülen faaliyetler, Türkiye'yi Afrika Boynuzu'nda istikrarlı bir ortak haline getirmiştir. Türkiye'nin Somali'de uyguladığı güvenlik politikası, akıllı güç stratejisi çerçevesinde değerlendirildiğinde hem sert hem yumuşak gücün dengeli kullanımına dayanmaktadır. Türkiye, bir yandan Somali ordusunu eğitmekte ve güvenlik altyapısını güçlendirmekte, diğer yandan insani diplomasi ve kalkınma yardımlarıyla halkın yaşam koşullarını iyileştirmektedir. Böylece Türkiye, askeri caydırıcılığı kalkınma ve insani destekle birleştirerek uzun vadeli istikrar yaratmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu durum, Türkiye'nin Afrika'daki varlığını yalnızca bir güvenlik aktörü değil, aynı zamanda bir barış inşa edici güç olarak da tanımlamaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye'nin Somali'deki güvenlik politikasının terörle mücadele, devlet inşası ve bölgesel istikrar hedeflerini birlikte içerdiğini göstermektedir. Türkiye, güvenliği sadece askerî bir mesele olarak değil, ekonomik, sosyal ve kurumsal kalkınmanın da bir parçası olarak görmektedir. Bu yönüyle Türkiye'nin Somali politikası, akıllı gücün uygulamadaki bir örneği olarak değerlendirilebilir. Türkiye'nin yumuşak güç unsurlarını sert güç kapasitesiyle birleştirmesi, ülkenin küresel düzeyde yükselen etkinliğinin de temel göstergesidir. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye'nin Somali'deki güvenlik politikaları, Afrika Boynuzu'nda sürdürülebilir barış ve istikrarın sağlanması açısından özgün bir model sunmaktadır. Türkiye, Somali'deki faaliyetleriyle güvenlik, kalkınma ve diplomasi alanlarını bütünleştiren akıllı güç temelli çok boyutlu bir dış politika yaklaşımı geliştirmiştir. Bu durum, Türkiye'nin bölgesel bir aktörden küresel bir aktöre dönüşüm sürecinin somut bir yansımasıdır.
Osmanlı Devleti'nin Doğu Afrika bölgesindeki hâkimiyeti (1559–1875)
XVI. yüzyılın ortalarında Kızıldeniz ve Basra Körfezi üzerinden baharat ticaret yolları yeniden kurulmuştur. Aynı zamanda Portekiz, stratejik noktaları ele geçirmek ve Hint Okyanusu'nu kontrol etmek için deniz gücünü kullanarak hızla bir doğu imparatorluğu kurmuştur. 1505'te Doğu Afrika'da Mozambik'ten başlayarak, ilk filo Güney Afrika kıyıları boyunca Kızıldeniz'e, bugünkü Tanzanya'nın Kilwi Sultanlığı'na, Kenya kıyılarındaki Agam Sultanlığı'na ve Somali'nin başkenti Mogadişu'ya yelken açmıştır. Doğu Afrika bölgesindeki İslâm padişahları, Portekiz tehdidine karşı Osmanlı Devleti'nden destek almaya başlamış ve Osmanlı Devleti, 1585-1586 yıllarında Sudan'dan Mozambik'e kadar olan toprakları kontrol etmesine rağmen, 1589'dan sonra Portekiz kontrolünü kaybetmiştir. Portekiz, Kızıldeniz ve Basra Körfezi'ne erişimi engelleyebilmiş ve Asya'dan gelen mal akışını Akdeniz yerine Ümit Burnu üzerinden tekelleştirebilmiştir. Bu strateji, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun çıkarları için ciddi bir tehdit oluşturmuş ve başta biber ve baharatlar olmak üzere önemli ikmaller konusunda deniz çatışmalarına yol açmıştır. XVI. Yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Portekiz, donanma operasyonlarına devam edecek insan gücünden yoksun olduğu için kuvvetlerini terk etmiştir. Yüzyıl rekabetinin bir sonucu olarak Afrika ile çatışmalardan kaçınmak için Berlin'de toplanmışlardır. 1884-1885 Berlin Konferansı'nda Afrika geneli için bir sömürge politikası planlanmıştır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Doğu Afrika bölgesi ile ilişkisi, 1517'de Memlük devletinin yıkılmasıyla başlayan dört asır sürmüştür. Osmanlı Devleti XIV. XIX. yüzyılda Doğu Afrika'nın o dönemde egemen olduğu bölgelerde Avrupalıların sömürgecilik mantığına karşı bir güç olarak kendini sağlamlaştırmış ve bu mücadele sırasında askeri gücüne dayalı bir yapılanma oluşturmuştur. Doğu Afrika, özellikle Sudan, Somali, Eritre ve Harar, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun son döneminde devletin bir parçasıydı. Osmanlılar, özellikle Avrupalılar bölgeye gelmeye başladıktan sonra, Kızıldeniz'de bir varlık istemişlerdir. 1863'te Hidiv olan İsmail Paşa, Afrika kıtasında yeni topraklar elde etmek için büyük çaba sarf etmiştir. 1 Haziran 1875'te Sultan Abdülaziz'in emriyle Doğu Afrika bölgesi Mısır Hidiv'ne teslim edilmiştir. Mısır eskisi gibi olmadığı için Osmanlı Devleti 9 Ekim 1887'de Sudan, Eritre, Somali ve Harar üzerinden Hümayun'dan Kızıldeniz'e iki üç gemi göndermiştir. 19. yüzyılın sonlarında Doğu Afrika, Avrupalı sömürgecilerin kontrolüne girmiş ve böylece Osmanlı Devleti ile Doğu Afrika bölgesi arasındaki ilişki sona ermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı Devleti, Doğu Afrika, Sudan, Eritre, Somali, Avrupa Sömürgeciliği
Devlet kalkınma kurumlarının orta ölçek güçteki ülkelere etkisi: TİKA'nın 2002-2018 dönemi Türkiye Somali ve Bosna-Hersek dış politikasına etkisi
This thesis examines the relationship between state development agencies and middle power countries' foreign policy. Theoretically, this relationship was explored at two levels: a) state-level and b) the sub-state level. Through both primary and secondary empirical data collected, the theoretical framework was studied by using Turkey's development and cooperation agency, TİKA's, influence on Turkish foreign policy on Somalia and Bosnia and Herzegovina between 2002 and 2018 as a case study. Turkey has been rising middle power state since in early 2000s and the use of development aid through TİKA as a foreign policy instrument, has been considered one of the key successes in establishing a prestigious presence in the international arena. The study puts an emphasis on the state agencies' role in shaping foreign policy implementation through its behaviors where development aid is delivered. It argues that the more effective a development aid agency works where the aid is delivered, the more effective a middle power country can implement its foreign policy objectives in its relations with the aid receiving country. Ultimately, this research is a scholarly attempt to answer two main questions: a) what is a middle power country? Moreover, b) do state development agencies positively or negatively affect middle power countries' foreign policies? Keywords: Middle Power, State Agencies, Development Aid, Behavioral Approach, Foreign Policy
Sağlık hizmetleri kullanımı ve hasta tatmininin değerlendirmesi: Somali'de anne ve çocuk sağlığı hizmetleri üzerine bir araştırma
Bu araştırmanın amacı, Somali'de anne ve çocuk sağlığı hizmetlerini kullanan kadınların sosyo-demografik, gebelik ve doğum ile ilgili sağlık hizmetleri kullanım özelliklerini tanımlamak, hizmetlerden tatmin düzeyini belirlemek, sosyo-demografik, gebelik ve doğum ile ilgili sağlık hizmetleri kullanım özelliklerine göre hasta tatminindeki farklılıkları saptamaktır. Kesitsel ve tanımlayıcı türde planlanan araştırmada örneklem seçilmeyerek evreninin tamamına ulaşılması hedeflenmiştir. Buna göre veriler Somali Wadajır Anne ve Çocuk Sağlığı Merkezi'nde 2 Ağustos-2 Eylül 2019 tarihlerinde, 9:00-17:00 saatleri arasında toplanmıştır. Bir aylık sürede merkezi 813 hasta ziyaret etmiştir. Araştırmanın dâhil etme kriterleri (üreme yaşı olan 15-49 yaş aralığında olmak, gebe olmak, çocuk sahibi olmak, akıl sağlığı yerinde olmak ve araştırmaya katılmaya gönüllü olmak) çerçevesinde, 500 katılımcı araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Buna göre, evrenin % 62'sine ulaşılmıştır. Bu araştırmaya ilişkin veriler anket yöntemiyle toplanmıştır. Veri toplama amacı ile kullanılan anket 3 bölüm halinde yapılandırılmıştır. Anketin ilk iki bölümünde yer alan sorular, davranışsal modelin (eğilim, kolaylaştırma ve ihtiyaç) faktörlerine göre düzenlenmiştir. Anketin üçüncü bölümündeki veriler Rand Corporation tarafından hasta tatmin düzeyini incelemek amacıyla geliştirilen hasta tatmini anketinin kısa formu (PSQ-18) ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin hipotez analizinde Kruskal-Wallis Testi ve Mann-Whitney U testi kullanılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı istatistikler dağılımı normal olmayan değişkenler için ortanca (min – maks), nominal değişkenler ise frekans ve yüzde olarak gösterilmiştir. Araştırma grubunun %45'inin çocukları için sağlık kuruluşuna başvurduğu, %69'unun kamu sağlık kurumunu tercih ettiği, %52,4'ünün 3 kez doğum öncesi ziyaret yaptığı, %50,8'inin evde doğum yaptığı, %37'sinin sağlık kurumlarında sunulan sağlık hizmetlerinin yanlış algılanması nedeniyle sağlık kuruluşu dışında doğum yaptığı, %45'inin doğum yapacağı yere ailesinin karar verdiği, %97,4'ünün normal doğum yaptığı %49'unun doğum sonrası bakıma gitmediği, %60,8'inin sağlık kuruluşuna yürüyerek eriştiği, %78'i çocuğu hastalandığında geleneksel uygulamaları kullandığı, %46,2'si aileden veya komşudan sağlıkla ilgili bilgi aldığı, %58,2'sinin sağlık durumunun kötü olduğu, %58,4'ünün gebelikte sağlık eğitimi almadığı, %70,4'ünün aile planlaması farkındalığının olmadığı bulunmuştur. Araştırma grubunun toplam hasta tatmini puan ortalamasının (X̄=46,00; ±7,720) orta düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Hasta tatminin genel tatmin (X̄=4,00; ±1,400), teknik kalite (X̄=8,00; ±3,786), kişilerarası tutum (X̄=4,00; ±2,373), iletişim (X̄=5,00; ±1,751), finansal yönler (X̄=8,00; ±2,003), doktorla geçirilen zaman (X̄=4,00; ±2,068), ulaşılabilirlik ve rahatlık, (X̄=8,00; ±3,863) alt boyutlarının puan ortalaması da orta düzeyde bulunmuştur. Buna göre, anne ve çocuk sağlığı hizmetlerinden tatminin orta düzeyde olduğu söylenebilir. Sosyodemografik verilerle birlikte sağlık hizmeti kullanımı ile toplam hasta tatmini ve alt boyutları arasında yaş, eğitim, çocuk sayısı, sağlık kuruluşuna ziyaret nedeni, doğum yaptığı yeri ve algılanan sağlık durumuna göre istatistiksel farklılıklar saptanmıştır. Toplam hasta tatmini ve alt boyutları ile birlikte medeni durum, gelir düzeyi, gebelik durumu, sağlık kuruluşuna ulaşım şekli ve sağlık eğitimi desteği değişkenleri arasında istatistiksel olarak farklılık bulunmamıştır. Bu çalışma, hizmet sunumu noktasında anne ve çocuk sağlığı hizmetlerine ilişkin farkındalığın ve eğitimin geliştirilmesini önermektedir. Erişim sorunlarını yansıtmak için araştırma, hizmet kapasitesini artırma, rahat ulaşım, sağlık hizmeti veren kurumlara yönelik düzenlemelerin geliştirilmesi ve üniversite eğitimi sırasında öğrencilere iletişim becerilerinin kazandırılmasını önermektedir. Kaynak kullanımı, kalite iyileştirme ve sağlık hizmetlerinin yönetimi ile ilgili maliyet etkili politikaları ve programları geliştirmek büyük bir etki yaratabilir. Çalışma, Somali sağlık bilimleri üniversitelerinin sağlık yönetimi alanında lisans ve lisansüstü programlar sunmasını önemli bir adım olarak görmekte ve bu bakış açısıyla ülke, sağlık hizmeti sunumunu iyileştirmek ve kötü yönetişimle mücadele etmek için sağlık yöneticilerinin profesyonelleşmesine öncelik veren yaklaşımları değerlendirebilir. Çalışma, özellikle anne ve çocuk sağlığı hizmetlerinde hasta tatmini konusunda derinlemesine araştırmaların yapılmasını önerilmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Anne ve Çocuk, Hasta Tatmini, Sağlık Hizmetleri Kullanımı, Sağlık Politikası, Sağlık Yönetimi.
Uluslararası deniz haydutluğuna karşı alınabilecek önlemler ve yaptırım uygulaması
Deniz haydutluğu tarihteki en eski suçlardan biridir. Ancak bu kadar eski bir suç olmasına rağmen 20. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar uluslararası hukukta bir tanımı yoktur. Deniz haydutluğu ile ilgili uluslararası hukuk kuralları 1958 Cenevre Açık Deniz Sözleşmesi'nde yazılı hale getirilmiştir. Cenevre Açık Deniz Sözleşmesi'nin deniz haydutluğu ile ilgili kuralları 1982 Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi'nde aynen kabul edilmiştir. Deniz haydutluğu kavramı, 1856 Paris Deklarasyonu ile yasaklanmasından önce yasal bir savaş yöntemi olan korsanlık ile sıklıkla karıştırılmaktadır. Oysaki deniz haydutluğu korsanlıktan hukuken farklı kavramları ifade etmektedir. Korsanlık, devletler tarafından verilen bir yetki belgesi ile resmiyet kazandırılan meşru bir savaş şekli iken; deniz haydutluğunda, böyle bir meşruiyet söz konusu değildir. Uluslararası hukukta deniz haydutlarını yargılama konusu devletlerin iç hukukuna bırakılmıştır. Bütün devletler açık denizlerde deniz haydutlarını yakalama ve yargılama yetkisine sahiptir. Ancak devletler deniz haydutlarını yargılama konusunda isteksiz davranmaktadırlar. Bunun sonucu olarak da özellikle son dönemlerde artan deniz haydutluğunu önleme amacıyla Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi tarafından bir dizi karar alınmıştır. Bu kararlar ışığında uluslararası toplum tarafından sivil ve askeri önlemler alınmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Deniz Haydutluğu, Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi, Somali, Korsanlık, Cibuti Kodu
Performance management in the public sector: A comparative study on somalia and turkey
This thesis aims to explore the performance management systems in the public sector of Somalia and Turkey, discuss the differences and similarities between the two systems focusing on the process and legal base of performance management, identify challenges that both countries face and provide relevant recommendations to solve challenges. The study found that differences mainly lays on the historical timeframe for the application of performance management, the scope of application, the degree of formality, the legal basis, and the performance management reforms being undertaken and finally, ongoing efforts to further modernize the performance management system. In Somalia, the study found that the practice of performance management is less systematic, limited in scope, and is hugely below the standards. There are many challenges including lack of regular payment, insufficient funding, corrupt staffing practices, lack of proper strategic directions and clearly defined job descriptions, inadequate capacity building and trainings, constant staff changes and inadequate work facilities. In this regard, the study recommends introducing a comprehensive formal performance management system, establishing clear performance indicators, measures, targets and guidelines, developing clear staffing policies and job descriptions and finally, providing enough funding and facilities. In Turkey, the study found the practice of performance management is relatively systematic, and the reform efforts of the system were ongoing since 1968.It has legal basis and guidelines and defined performance targets and measures. However, there are challenges that are totally different from those faced by the government institutions. These challenges can be summarized as environmental, organizational, and personnel barriers. The study recommends to develop comprehensive performance management systems, review civil service law and review the motivation systems. Keywords: Performance, management, system, public sector, Turkey and Somalia
Kültürel farklılıkların uluslararası işletmeler üzerindeki yansımaları: Somali'de faaliyet gösteren Türk işletmelerinin deneyimlerinin belirlenmesi
İnsanoğlu küreselleşmenin etkisiyle yavaş yavaş daha küresel, daha homojen bir kültüre doğru yol alsa bile, ülkeler arasındaki kültürel çeşitlilik daha uzun süre devam edecektir. Kültürün günlük yaşamı ve insanlar arasındaki etkileşimi derinden etkilemesinin ötesinde, işletmelerdeki iş yapma biçimleri üzerinde doğrudan etkisi vardır. Uluslararası işletmelerin başarısı önemli ölçüde iş yaptığı kültürü iyi tanımasına dayanmaktadır. Farklı bir kültürde faaliyet gösteren işletmeler çoğu zaman kültürel farklılıklardan kaynaklanan sorunlarla boğuşmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ülkelerarası kültürel benzerlik ve farklılıkların uluslararası işletmeler üzerindeki yansımalarını, Somali ve Türk kültürleri örneğinde tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Nitel araştırma modelinin kullanıldığı bu çalışmadaki veriler, Somali'de faaliyet gösteren Türk işletmelerinde çalışan 23 personel ile yapılan detaylı görüşmeler yoluyla elde edilmiştir. Bulgular, Türk yöneticilerin Somali ile Türkiye arasında hem uluslararası kültürü oluşturan bileşenler hem de Hofstede'in geliştirmiş olduğu ulusal kültür boyutları açısından önemli farklılıklar olduğunu düşündüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. Katılımcılara göre iki ülke arasındaki tek benzerlik aynı dine sahip olmalarıdır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Uluslararası işletme, Kültür, Ulusal kültür, Kültürel farklılıklar, Somali, Türkiye