The social and economic situation of Anatolia in the period from the Second Siege of Vienna to the Treaty of Pasarofça: Ayntab, Manisa, Kayseri and Trabzon example (1683-1718)

The Ottoman Empire, which was considered to be established in 1299, became a state that ruled over three continents in the XVIth century by growing rapidly. As this growth started to slow down from the end of the XVIth century, it substantially stopped in the XVIIth century. The Second Siege of Vienna at the end of the XVIIth century and then the resulting long-term wars caused the Ottoman State to deal with significant problems. With this period, changes in the state order and social and economic structure started to be observed. For this reason, the late XVIIth century and beginning of the XVIIIth century was considered as a period of breaking and transition for the Ottoman State. The wars which took place between 1683 and 1718 and the following developments caused a social and economic collapse in Anatolian cities as well as all across the empire. The bandits who showed themselves due to the fact that the majority of the administrators in the rural went to the war, during the Second Siege of Vienna and the subsequent wars, engaged in events that disrupt the social order in many regions in Anatolia. This chaotic environment and local domination struggles which began in the Ottoman rural, caused to economic problems as well as population mobility in cities and rural areas. Due to the extension of the wars, there were difficulties in terms of meeting the increase of expenses and therefore, new taxes were imposed on the public. In fact, in order to meet the costs of war, money was demanded from the high-ranking ulema and the service pay of the soldiers was tried to be paid by collecting tax under the name of 'imdâdiyye' from the notables. Moreover, in order to avoid the current financial difficulties, the method of selling the treasury's income sources was used. The treasury's income sources started to be given to the landlords and the notables of the state, provided that they keep it throughout their lives, together with the malikâne application since 1695 Rayah, who remained under heavy tax burdens which arise with increasing expenses, had to leave its homeland and they were also miserable as a result of the oppression of the state officials and bandits plundering the villages. Studying of this extremely complicated and troubled period is especially important in terms of Ottoman social and economic history. Therefore, in our study, it is aimed to examine how the events which occurred between 1683 and 1718, affected the social and economic situation of Anatolia, within the framework of selected cities (Ayntab, Kayseri, Manisa and Trabzon)