The role of local managements in urban sustainability: The İzmir Metropolitan Municipalitiy example

Population increase and urbanization process which began in 18. century, startedto get faster through the end of 19. century. Cities which were expected to be the centerof civilization started to get a situation that could destroy civilization. Because of theseproblems cities became unable to respond what is expected them to give.Naturel resource that had been destroyed, water and air that had been polluted,migration from country sides to big cities, fast population increase in the cities that themigrations caused, erosion, forest fires and similar environment problems drives all thecountries to think about this subject, looking for solutions, making plans for long term.Environment pollution has become a problem of countries now.Because environment pollution repudiates borders, in 1972, StockholmConference was made which was organized by United Nations and was the world?s firstglobal environment conference. In United Nations Human and EnvironmentConference, attention was attracted to the realationship between development andenvironment problems. United Nations Environment Program, assembled in Stockholmand chanelling member countries? searches about this subject, set some judicialprinciples on the international agreements about prevention of the environment pollutionand protecting the environment.In 1976 the first human settlements conference, Habitat I, was made in CanadaVancouver city. Habitation, urbanization problems were discussed across the world.Habitat I?s success rate was low because it was considering to charge centralmanagements actively to solve city problems rather than to charge local managements.It was thought that city problems should be considered by governments across the wordin the Conference.In 1983 World Environment and Development Commission was constituted by UnitedNations. This commission propounded ?Our Common Future?/?SustainableDevelopment? in ?Brundtland Report? with the aim to attract attention to negativeadvances in the world in 1987.It was understood that urban problems can not be solved rationally by chargingcentral managements and ?The Earth Summit?/?Rio Conference? was made with aim toiv emphasize the need of a new structuralism, in Brazil Rio de Janerio city in 1992. RioDeclaration and Agenda 21 are two important texts formed at the result of theConference. Based on this, in 1996 Habitat II Conference was made in İstanbul.As we came to 2000, aims were decided Millenium Summit, which are expected torealize until 2015, to elevate humatity to a better welfare, a future in peace and morehealthy, to end inequalities.First global Conference of 21. century, United Nations World SustainableDevelopment Conference Summit was organized in Johannesburg city in 2002.Johannesburg Summit also known as ?Rio+10?. Because the aim was to judge practisesof Agenda 21 in the world.In the new world, as the centrel managements get less important, local managements getmore important. This put a new structuralism in the public management into agenda.Governance is an important part of The New Public Management Approach.Governance considers multiplet participation rather than the classical managementgetting less productive.