The history and geography of the Black Sea in medieval (8-13. cent.)

The earliest period historians looked at the Black Sea as a compound pedestrian. This publication is located on the Bosphorus, where the Black Sea connects with other seas, and the eastern part of the Raion River, which is fed with water from the Caucasus Mountains. Among these were two curves that twisted to the north. One of them was from the coasts of Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine, and the other was from the coasts of Georgia and Russia. These curves, which make a radical inclination towards each other, form two shallow gulfs. Curve in the west; The Danube and the Dinyeper are wandering through the mouths of the rivers; Reaching the Kerch Bosphorus, which connects the Black Sea to the sea of Azak and known as the Cimmerian Bosphorus. And these two curves were united under the Crimean peninsula. Indeed, if we continue on this tariff spring, mentioned by ancient geographers until this uneven beams (ie broadcast is attached and pulled the rope), it was extending throughout modern Turkey. In this respect, the Black Sea, due to its coastal country and the first Greek colonies that came to this sea, had various names in different time periods. Thus the Black Sea; and the oldest Greek was Pontos Axinos, so gloomy or black. Especially in Bulgarian and Russian, there were also names in various languages such as Cherno More, Romanian Marea Neagra, Ukrainian Corne More, Georgian Shavi Zugva. On the other side, the wetlands fed by the large Danube, Dinyeper, Dinyester and Don rivers in the north and west formed contrasts with the small deltas formed by the rapidly flowing Kızılırmak, Yeşilırmak and Fasis (Rion) rivers in the south. Indeed, there were differences in climates. Hot and dry summers were experienced in the steppes of the northern part after the cold winter. In the southeastern highlands, the climate of the subtropical climate is temperate, the summers are humid and there is plenty of rainfall. In addition to this geographical and ecological structure of the Black Sea, the steppe Turks from the inner parts of Asia to the northern part and the periphery of the Black Sea from the north of the Caspian Sea, influenced the political and commercial structure of the Black Sea by establishing dominions there. Therefore, all of the coastal and inland parts of the Black Sea basin are nomadic Turkish tribes; The Kimmers were captured by Scythians, Sarmats, Huns, Patience, Avar, Ogurlar, Uz, Pechenegs, Khazars, Smokes and Mongols. In addition, the Anatolian Pontus State in the south of the Black Sea, which had important political and commercial influences in the subsequent centuries under the rule of the Black Sea, caused significant developments in the political and commercial life of Rome and its successors Byzantine, Seljuk State, Anatolian Turkish Emirates and Trabzon Greek Empire. Apart from these nomadic Turkish tribes, the Goths and Russians from the north, especially, had a say in the trade of the Black Sea. In this respect, Beginning in BC. the 6th and 5th centuries, many colonies were established by Greeks and Greeks in the southern and northern regions of the Black Sea. So much so that those living in the Western Aegean coast and in continental Greece needed a variety of cereal and cereal products. However, since the area they live in is not geographically suitable for the cultivation of mountainous and cereal crops, it is necessary to come to the Marmara coast and Istanbul first and then to the Black Sea to obtain these products. they started commercial trading by establishing commercial colonies. Particularly in order to carry out this trade there, the production of grain, meat, fish and other animal products was carried out in good quantities on the West and North coasts of the Black Sea. Therefore, the products grown and produced in the north and south of the Black Sea were needed due to the intensive population of Anatolia and the Aegean region. Already a few years later there will be a series of intense commercial relations in this region, especially between the Aegean region and the north-south. As a matter of fact, Milattan continued these commercial relations on the Black Sea in the following years. Thus, the products taken from the ports of the Black Sea were transported to the European countries via both the ports of the North Anatolian coasts and over the roads and the East way the ports to the south and European countries as well as to the Danube river via Istanbul. When it came to the 11th and 12th centuries, the rule of the Islamic states in the Mediterranean was first dominated by the Italian city states after the Norman. However, although this seems to have nothing to do with the Black Sea, the Byzantine emperor Alexios Komnenos of the period actually made a deal with the Venetians on the grounds that he had removed Norman's danger in the Black Sea in 1082, giving them a commercial privilege, exempted from all customs and restrictions at all ports of the empire. These concessions were later given by the Byzantine empire to the Italian city of Pisa and Genoa. But this time, these privileges have weakened the Byzantine Empire politically and economically. The Italian city states, which reached a good level in shipbuilding, had taken over Mediterranean trade. But they still needed the products of the Black Sea. Indeed, in the following years, the Italians entered the Black Sea and set up trade colonies on various shores of the Black Sea basin, in spite of the struggles of the Byzantine empire not to let the Italian city states enter the Black Sea. There were important Italian trade ports especially on the coasts of North Anatolia and Crimea. Therefore, the Black Sea trade with the Italians, which is an important factor in the trade of the Black Sea, has gone up. Of course, these Italians also had a significant contribution to the nomadic Turkish tribes such as the Byzantine Empire, the Seljuk State and the Khazars in the north of the Black Sea before the Black Sea trade.