Iraq
472 theses under this subject heading
Competitive jihadism : A new theorethical approach to jihadi de-facto states
World politics is introduced to a new type of entity with great differences within, namely jihadi de facto states. Due to its rather un-celebrated characteristics and lack of legal basis it was hard to encircle it with definitions and understand with theories. This thesis is concerned with state-building phase of jihadi de facto states and especially it's consolidation of sovereignty and jihadi competition with their parent states. This thesis accepts " Competitive Democratization" of Nina Caspersen as main frame and customizes it for jihadi de- facto states. Moreover it accepts each fact comprises three-level reality and grand theories may not properly function as Rosenau forecasts and names it as " Turbulence Approach". In this study , it is acclaimed that there is a positive correlation between consolidation level of sovereignty of a jihadi de facto state and it's competition on jihadi policies with it's parent state(s). Consolidation requirements are adjusted accordingly League of Nations parameters. I especially confirmed that adopted a more jihadist policy by de facto jihadi state comparing to it's parent state will have positive contribution to its sovereignty level by helping it to gain more repercussion from target audiences and create its own legitimate basis. I applied this hypothesis on "Islamic State-Iraq-Syria" example throughout the thesis, as it is the richest by offering data to study and the most contemporary one. Although it is a recent fact, this case proved to be fully supportive. Keywords: Competitive Jihadism, jihadi de facto state, de facto state, Islamic State,consolidation of sovereignty, ISIS, Republic of Iraq, Arab Republic of Syria, content analysis
The (non-)territorialization of "Kurdistan" in the Middle East between 1919 and 1990: A critical geopolitical approach
This thesis analyses the reasons of why a certain "Kurdistan" could not be established as a geopolitical entity within the Middle East between the years 1919 and 1990. By using critical geopolitics as the theoretical framework, the thesis focuses on the effects of continuous deterritorialization and reterritorialization of the Kurdistan as a geopolitical entity as well as civilizational and ideological geopolitical discourses developed by four states in the region, being Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. A threefold argument is proposed to explain why an independent or an autonomous Kurdistan could not be formed at the chosen time frame. The internal factors underline the traditional tribal and more recent territorial divisions among the Kurdish tribes preventing the Kurds to establish a common geopolitical discourse describing a particular and territorially-defined "Kurdistan". The external factors emphasize the policies and geopolitical discourses developed by states to preserve their territorial integrity and to prevent any separatist tendency within their own states. Finally, the third set of factors cross-linked internal and external factors. It focuses on the cooperative and conflictual transversal connections between sovereign states and Kurdish political movements. Accordingly, some sovereign states tended to cooperate with the Kurdish groups of rival states in a way to undermine the power of the Kurdish groups within itself and some Kurdish political movements tended to cooperate with the neighboring state to undermine the power of the home state. All in all, the period between 1919 and 1990 witnessed the failure of the projects to establish an autonomous if not an independent Kurdistan. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kürdistan, Türkiye, İran, Irak, Suriye
A neoclassical realist explanation of over-commitment:The case of American Foreign Policy toward Iraq after 9/11
The last few decades had shown the explanatory power of neoclassical realism on foreign policy analysis. The neoclassical realist theory of over-commitments suggests that domestic political factors can divert the FPEs from deciding with the sole consideration of systemic pressures. It is observed that states do not always act in line with the impositions of external factors and sometimes make more commitment than the dictation of the systemic stimuli. This thesis proposes three sub-hypotheses to explain the anomaly of over-commitment. This thesis argues that prestige seeking, interest group penetration (state capture) and coalition logrolling behaviors have the potential of diverting foreign policy decisions by intervening to the foreign policy making processes. The thesis applies the case study method to test the theory mentioned above. American foreign policy toward Iraq after 9/11 appears as the most likely scenario. This is due to the visibility of all the above mentioned domestic political factors during the period of 9/11 and the Iraq war of 2003.
The invisible actor of the Mesopotamian oil: Caloust Gulbenkian "Mr. five percent"
This dissertation reveals the importance of individuals in the political economy of Mesopotamian oil resources in the foundation process of Iraq after the World War I. One of the consequences of the First World War was the emergence of need for the establisment of a new order in the oil rich ex-Ottoman territories after the disintegration of the empire. The industrialized Western states at that time were in need of more and more energy due to inreasing use of energy both in military and civil areas. Since energy became a matter of priority for these countries, the oil-rich Middle East which meant to get access to new resources became an attractive region for them. The territory was also economically attractive and commercially lucrative for the major oil companies of that time. Oil was the common denominator between states and companies and there was a ground for both struggle and collaboration among these actors. In this process which ended with the the foundation of Iraq and the formation of first oil cartel, the role of Caloust Gulbenkian was interesting and noteworthy. The importance of the role of individuals in the foundation process of Iraq has been scrutinized within the framework of descriptive analysis and the chronology generated from the oil related events of that period of time. According to the findings of the study, the efforts of Caloust Gulbenkian who was also known as "Mr. Five Percent"- the nickname pointing to his role in the process and his share in Iraqi oil- had been influential in bringing together the relevant statesmen and executives of oil companies. The long lasting struggle over Middle Eastern oil ended after a series negotiations, conferences and agreements between states and major oil companies of that time. The struggle over the sharing of the Middle Eastern oil had also been effective in the drawing of the boundaries of Iraq within the new system established in the region after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. This thesis shows that in the foundation process of Iraq the individual level of analysis is important as well as the state level in order to better understand this period. Key Words: Gulbenkian, Iraqi Oil, Mr. Five Per Cent, Political Economy
Türkiye-Irak Kürt bölgesel yönetimi arasındaki ilişkiler (2000-2018)
2005 Irak Anayasasına göre resmen özerklik hakkı kazanan Irak Kürt Bölgesel Yönetimi (IKBY), başta Türkiye olmak üzere birçok ülke ile diplomatik ilişkiler kurarak, bağımsız bir devlet gibi politikalar izlemiştir. Türkiye'nin IKBY'ye yönelik politikası, 2007 yılına kadar güvenlik perspektifi çerçevesinde devam ederken, bu politikalar Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP)'nin neoliberal politikalar izlemeye başladığı 2005 yılında yapılanma ve 2007 Habur krizi sonrası işbirliği şeklinde devam etmiştir. Özellikle 2009 yılında Türk Dişileri Bakanı Ahmet Davutoğlu'nun Erbil'e ziyarette bulunması, ilişkilere "yeni bir boyut" kazandırmıştır. Ancak IKBY'nin, 25 Eylül 2017' de bağımsızlık için referanduma gitmesi Türkiye ile ilişkileri kopma noktasına getirmiştir Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde; Türkiye'nin Irak ile olan siyasi ve ekonomik ilişkiler incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde; Irak Kürt Bölgesel Yönetimi'nin tarihsel süreçleri ve bu süreçlerde, Türkiye ve Irak'ın, bölgeye yönelik politikaları üzerinde durulmuştur. Son bölümde ise; Irak Kürt Bölgesel Yönetimi'nin, özelikle 25 Eylül 2017'de bağımsızlık referandumunu ilan etmesinin doğurduğu krizin aşılıp ikili ilişkilerin sürdürülebilirliği üzerinde durulmuştur.
Economic and structural analysis of the tourism market in the province of Erbil (During the period 2007 – 2016)
The purpose of the current study is to make the economic and structural analysis of the tourism market in the province of Erbil. In order to reach this purpose, the study sample was collected from the ministry of municipalities and tourism, general directorate of tourism and investment authority. For years 2007 to 2016. In the method the study's problem, through analyzing and examining secondary data that engrossed on the nature of the relationship and relative import between study variables is given. In addition, the study stretches to some results, most conspicuously the province of Erbil constitutes over fifty of the total tourism projects in the region, and the study concludes that the relative importance of the tourism sector to the other economic sectors constitutes good rate. The tourism sector comes in third place after the industrial sector and the Real Estates sector. Also, the proportion of tourism institutions in the province of Erbil to the tourist institutions in the region during the period rate (36.12%) that indicates the Erbil is a center for tourist and archaeological sites in the region. Consequently, the study found that a high rate of their annual revenues of hotels, motels and tourist villages, the percentage is between (1-200) million dinars (1000 dinars = 3 TL), while the remaining proportion of (2.802%) revenues more than 201 million dinars annually, and fast because most tourist institutions (hotels, motels and tourist villages) absorb customers more than the capacity of absorption, in addition to their prices jealousy constant. Finally, the study found that the percentage of specialists in the field of tourism during the same only (5.71%) and this percentage is very low, and is one of the obstacles to the development of tourism in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
The obstacles in front of the fdi in the agricultural sector of the Northern region of Iraq an economic study of the period 2006-2016
The growth in agricultural sector measured as vital in achieving sustainable development and a significant reduction in poverty in developing countries, so, equally developmental and agricultural economists view productivity growth in the agricultural sector as significant if the agricultural output is to growth at a sufficiently rapid rate to tackle poverty. Thus, FDI considered as a significant source of economic growth in both developed and developing countries. KRG, as most of the other countries, planned to make a friendly investment environment to attract FDI as much as possible toward its region to enhance development acceleration. However, this study evaluates the main obstacles or factors that deter foreign investors from investing in the region's agricultural sector. It assesses the key reasons why FDI has not increased in the region significantly over the past ten years particularly during 2006-2016, besides analysis the foreigners reluctant to invest in the region's agricultural sector. It also investigates the total investment during past ten years by the region's board of investment and the share of FDI both entire and agriculture sector in this investment flow.
Analysis of import from Turkey to Iraq and Northern Iraq region
Iraq's and Northern Iraq Regions (NIR) local needs of goods and services depend on imports from international markets, and between all neighbors, Turkey is the biggest trade partner for both Iraq and NIR. However, the ratio of imports from Turkey is different in the NIR region. The purpose of this thesis study is to analyze the factors affecting import from Turkey to Iraq and NIR during the period 2004 to 2017. For this purpose, appropriate econometric models are used for time series analysis. The use of time series requires stationarity and when the structural breaks are considered, the time series are found to be stationary around the trend. The theoretical variables Gross Domestic Product (GDP), exchange rate and population that can affect imports are used in the models, and only GDP was found to be statistically significant. In addition, Johansen cointegration results could not obtained. All of these unexpected results are due to the small number of observations.
The effeect of oil price on economic growth of Iraq for time period (1995 – 2017)
Iraq represents a good case study to examine the effect of oil price, because most of its earning dependence on exporting crude oil. Iraq is one of the major oil exporting countries. Generally, the national income depends on crude oil. Oil revenue in Iraq covers 90 percent of Iraqi government's budget and also Iraqi economy could be effect by would economic during economic problems. Thus, increasing oil crude oil price can effect on economic growth in Iraq. So it is crucial to use other resource instead of oil revenue as a new strategy to gain national revenue. The main objective of this study is to examine the effects of oil price and oil production value on economic growth. Annual growth rate, compound growth rate and correlation coefficient can be used to estimate of the data. The data is annual data which were converting a period of 21 years from 1995-2017. As a result, Economic growth is one of the most important sources of economic transformation because it reflects the community's ability to increase productive capacity and optimal investment and also sustainability requirement includes a diversified economy on the face of shocks, dynamically adopts technology and head accumulation human money, competitively can gain relative advantages compared to the other. Thus, it operates within stable, stable economic policies and economic development and there were positively statistically significance between oil price and GDP, oil production value and GDP.
The impact of fluctuation of oil revenue on real exchange rate and the structural imbalances of Iraqi economy
This thesis analyses the extent to which a boom in a particular export commodity sector (i.e., oil) affects the real exchange rate and competitiveness in the rest of the economy: This problem has been analyzed in the early stage by with the so-called 'Dutch-disease'. As a result, the booming sector (oil sector) the country's currency appreciates, thereby reducing the competitiveness of the country's traditional export sector in the international market. This thesis examines whether Dutch Disease is present in Iraq in the light of having not study about Dutch Disease phenomena. It evaluates the impact of growing oil revenues on non-oil sectors of the Iraqi economy. It produces some empirical evidence for the explanation non-tradable goods and contraction of the tradable goods sector due to the booming oil sector and appreciating real exchange rate and made tradable goods sector become uncompetitive for export. The main findings from this thesis that the Iraqi economy was subject to have the Dutch disease phenomena during the boom. Some of the indications of the disease, remarkably the increase of relative prices, the real exchange rate appreciation, contraction tradable goods sector and expansion of nontraded goods output were applicable. The study uses annual time series data sourced from home and international agencies from 1997 to 2016. Finally, The dissertation discusses briefly some policy measures that will help avoid the issue of appreciation real exchange rate and changing the structure of economy out of tradable goods to non-tradable goods sector.
Political economy of oil production in Iraq during 2006-2016
The primary purpose of this study is to examine the political economy of oil production in Iraq during 2006-2016. While, the challenges to increasing oil production in Iraq broadly remain, so, Iraq has made incredible progress over the last decade, mostly amid challenging situations should note that while contests to since 2014. However, there are still difficulties to overcome, which should play a significant role to solve for the new government and leadership in Iraq and the KRI following the recent 2018 elections. The study found that Iraq's oil production curve in recent years has remarkably specified the positions, even if not mainly at the levels estimated in earlier, more positive forecasts. Iraq has developed the world's fourth-largest oil exporter. Moreover, the second major producer in OPEC organization, with production above 4.1 million bpd for the first time in 2015, of the amount produced in this period, almost 3.5 million b/d produced in southern Iraq under the central government in Baghdad. While challenges continue to achieving the aims of increased oil production and revolving gas from probable to production, there is considerable opportunity for Iraq's resources to produce revenue and pay to broad-based economic development, if managed appropriately. As both Iraq and the KRI headed into an election year, impending new governments both in Iraq and at the helm of the KRG should seize this as an opportunity to target investment to specific projects that contribute to long-term economic development goals.
Erbil bölgesinde sürdürülebilir endüstrinin istihdam yaratma üzerine etkisi
The sustainable industry is a response to a set of crises. It aims at achieving sustainable economic development through environmentally friendly projects and using new technologies in the field of renewable and clean energies. It calls for greening existing industries, creating new sustainable industries and changing unsustainable patterns of consumption besides reducing the intensity of energy use, resource consumption, and production through waste recycling. In this context, countries pursue to envision the launching of an economy based on the transition strategy to taking into account five principal axes: energy sources whose stocks threatened with depletion. The economic crisis and the use of investments as a means of sustainable industrial development, greenhouse gas mitigation policies and job creation, and the strong conviction that a new model of sustainable development based on change consumer behavior and marketing models at present and in the future.
Irak'ta İngiliz sömürgeciliği ve anti-kolonyal milliyetçilik, 1918-1920
Bu tez, 1918-1920 yılları arasında İngilizlerin Irak'ta sömürge idaresi tesisi sürecini Avrupa-merkezcilik, modern Batı sömürgeciliği ve anti-kolonyal milliyetçi direniş kavram ve olguları ekseninde incelemektedir. Milliyetçilik teorilerinin Avrupa-merkezciliğini de eleştirel odağına alan tezin dayandığı birincil kaynaklar ise İngiliz arşivlerinden 1918-1920 yılları arasında Irak'a dair yayımlanmış belgelerdir. Yayımlanmış İngiliz arşiv belgelerinin söylem analizi yoluyla bu tezde Irak'taki sömürge-karşıtı milliyetçi direniş ve 1920 Irak İsyanı'nın İngiliz sömürge siyasetini nasıl şekillendirdiğine ışık tutulmaktadır. Irak'ta İngiliz sömürgeci idaresinin tesis edildiği süreçteki İngiliz sömürgeci söylemini analiz etmede elzem görünen kavramsal ve teorik çerçeve iki özellikle öne çıkmaktadır. Tezin ikinci bölümünde gösterileceği gibi, sömürgeciliğin meşrulaştırılmasının bir aracı olarak kullanılıp günümüzde egemen tarih anlatısını ve coğrafya tasavvurunu belirleyen perspektif Avrupa-merkezciliktir. Tezin üçüncü bölümünde milliyetçilik teorilerindeki Avrupa-merkezcilik eleştirilerek, Irak'taki İngiliz karşıtı direnişin de anti-kolonyal milliyetçilik çerçevesinde yorumlanmasının isabetli olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Tezin dördüncü ve son bölümünde ise İngiliz sömürgeci söylemi ve Irak anti-kolonyal milliyetçi direnişinin yayımlanmış İngiliz arşiv belgeleri aracılığıyla izleri sürülmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Avrupa-merkezcilik, İngiliz sömürgeciliği, Irak, anti-kolonyal milliyetçilik, 1920 İsyanı.
The role of social-emotional stability in English among Iraqi kindergarteners
Nowadays, second language learning, among young learners, is considered as one of the main subjects in the field of education around the world. Much research dealt with this subject and focused on the processes of second language learning among young learners. Researchers were trying to understand and diagnose young language learners' strengths and weaknesses. They came up with some evidence that showed language aptitude, gender, age, creativity, and motivation were among the elements that made young students be different from other students. Unlike other research, this study aimed to identify the role of social-emotional stabilities among young learners in second language learning. We specifically examined the influences of these skills in the process of second language learning. For this study, Margret kindergarten was chosen, and thirty-three children were randomly selected who applied for an English language course in the kindergarten. Eighteen of the selected children were females while the rest were males, and the age of the participants was between 4-5 years old. At the beginning of the English course, a pretest was conducted to measure the children's social and emotional skills. After data collection, the finding showed a significant relationship between social-emotional skills and second language learning. Those students who showed a high level of social-emotional skills were more active in learning their second language and passed the test of English proficiency with high degrees, while those students who showed a low level of social-emotional skills could not pass the English language test or passed with low degrees
Implemented strategies of enhancing motivation among Iraqi students for learning English language
This study aimed to identify the motivational strategies that are used in the classroom by English teachers in high school in Northern Iraq. The problem of the statement is the teachers' teaching strategies which influence the learners to be motivated in learning foreign languages. Some teachers do not have experience in using motivational strategies; this will be demotivation of the learners. For this purpose, we specifically investigated the types of the motivational strategies that lead by the English teachers in the Northern Iraq. Moreover, it aimed at finding the students' perspectives on their teachers teaching strategies. The study examined three research questions. As data collection tools, we used questionnaires. The findings showed that most of the teachers of English are not aware of the motivational strategies to motivate their students to learn the English language in an effective way. Meanwhile, most of the teachers agree with all the aspects of the curriculum. They thought that the curriculum was available for the students to be motivated in learning the English language. Meanwhile, the students stated that their teacher's techniques were not enough to motivate them.
On the effectof mind mapping to improve reading comprehension skill of iraqi ESP learners
Over the last two decades using visual organizers such as mind mapping in teaching and learning English language has become one of the wide spread used techniques. The current study concentrated on the impact of using mind mapping as a meaningful learning technique in teaching reading comprehension among the ESP learners. The participants of the study consisted of forty Iraqi students at Erbil Polytechnic University who randomly selected in Technical College-Erbil /Department of Business Management. They were divided into two different groups; experimental group which taught by mind mapping and controlling group which exposed to the traditional methods of teaching reading comprehension, 20 students for each group. Their ages were ranged between (18-19) years. The participants are nineteen males and twenty-one females. At the beginning of the study they were given a pretest to measure their reading comprehension ability. Then, they were given the treatment for twelve weeks. After that, they were tested in the posttest to know whether the experimental groups' knowledge increased comparing to the pretest or not. Finally, the findings illustrated a statistically significance difference between experimental group and the controlling group in terms of posttest achievement in reading comprehension scores. Thus, the mind mapping proved to be beneficial in teaching reading comprehension.
Türkiye ve İran dış politikası üzerinde kamu diplomasisinin etkisi : Irak & Suriye örnekleri (2000 – 2016)
This thesis shall focus on the role of public diplomacy of the Republic of Turkey and the Islamic Republic of Iran to their foreign policy approaches since 2000; a case study largely dwells on the developments in Iraq and Syria. For Turkey, the focal starting point is since the time the Justice and Development Party won the 2002 general election. In case of Iran, this issue will be contemplated by considering the 8th - , 9th- 10th and 11th governments; that is, the government of Seyed Mohammad Khatami (2nd term in office; 2001-2005), Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (2005 - 2013) and the government of Hassan Rouhani since 2013 as the 11th government. Turkey and Iran are effective, influential and powerful countries in the region in the sense that their foreign policy approaches toward each other and with respect to other States is of crucial importance both for the regional stability and for the wider global peace. Seeing that, the aim is to find the answer that to what extent their public diplomacy determines their foreign policy approaches in Syria and Iraq, what are the parameters and the tools of their public diplomacy and what has been or would be the outcome. The objectives that might help to reach the aforementioned aim is to understand what is/are the logic and policy behind their decision and selection of their regional interests considering the developments in Syria and Iraq. I have tried to analyze the paths and approaches they adopted in the application of different tools of public diplomacy by comparison and description. To this aim, in this study, the public diplomacy and foreign policy of Turkey and Iran towards developments in Iraq and Syria illustrated in terms of effectiveness and pro-activism, considering the impacts of their political culture, political structures, historical background, geographical location, ideological intentions and geopolitical position. Among many of these factors that directly affects their stances in various fields, is the characteristic of representing two different sects of religion of Islam, which, by itself, has caused many challenges such as sectarian or religious oriented alliances and conflicts during the ages. This fundamental nature, specially, becomes more subtly evident particularly since 2011 with the start of Syrian crisis. Other global and regional incidents like 9/11, the occupation of Iraq by the U.S. in 2003 and 2010 Arab Spring, each has also distinctly had its own share of its impacts on their stances towards their foreign policy approaches in Syria and Iraq. In the same manner, factors such as their lobbying power and the status of their engagement in the region based on their memberships in regional and international organizations have also relatively affected the framework of the strategic planning for their public diplomacy and foreign policy approaches. Under such circumstances, their political stances revealed and uncovered out of the emergence of new religious based coalitions and alliances and, as a consequence, has aggravated the ongoing crisis in the region. Such a climate became a dangerous incentive for these countries to set out a serious provocative show of power, albeit, not addressing directly to each other. Even if their foreign policy approaches may not be a direct reflection of this characteristic; it has become the root and cause of, at least, many misunderstandings and, as the result, many challenges. Competitive relations made them to utilize relatively similar instruments of public diplomacy; however, they could not stay untouched by the ramifications of the regional and global developments such as 9/11, the U.S. occupation of Iraq in 2003, Arab Spring in 2010 and the start of Syria crisis in 2011. Under the effect of these developments and their ideological and strategic preferences, their public diplomacy initiatives have not been proper for directing their foreign policies for the ultimate benefits of the region. More accurately, although they felt responsible to design new structure to promote their existing norms in public diplomacy either for the sake of success of their own domestic and foreign policy or, perhaps, establishment of sustainable peace in Syria and Iraq, there has not been much " serious will for cooperation" over Syria and Iraq; moreover, Iran and Turkey have been continuously criticizing each other. However, apart from these parameters, Turkey and Iran have been historically as bridges in terms of culture and economy; a characteristics which has not only given their ties a unique status in the region but also determine how these countries relate to each other in the regional developments. On the other side of the coin, the said regional developments provided new climate and opportunity for Turkey and Iran to benefit the power vacuum or lack of domestic authority in Iraq and Syria to promote either their optimal political system, rather than appropriate policies, or in an attempt to prevent any harmful shift of the regional balance of power, which can also be evaluated as their quest for the regional hegemony. So, theories that determined to explore the nature of foreign policy and public diplomacy of Turkey and Iran in Iraq and Syria, should consider the issue of regional hegemony, too. Accordingly, in the process of power employment by these countries in Syria and Iraq, soft instruments such as norms, values and identities are applied. That is, soft power applied besides hard power since the theoretical framework should consider both the hard and soft dimensions of power. Considering the fact that the "Constructivism" regards important places for values, norms and identity and looks at the relationship between the structure and broker and/or agent with interactive manner and as mutually constituted ( Wendt 2000) , it has more potential and capacity in analyzing the foreign policy of Turkey and Iran with regard to developments in Syria and Iraq. This theory pays attention not only to both materialistic and non-materialistic dimensions but also to micro and macro in a dynamic and non- stationary process. That is, it pays attention to those matters related to norms and realities regarding regional structure. In the social science, Structure is the intermittent patterned arrangements, which influence or limit the choices and opportunities available. On the other hand, Agency is the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices. Barker (2005, p.448). The structure versus agency debate may be understood as an issue of socialization against autonomy in determining whether an individual acts as a free agent or in a manner dictated by social structure. In such manner, in term of IR theory, this contribution considers the nature of their policies in the context of Constructivism, as it is able to explicate and analyze these two countries behavioral patterns. On the other hand, their relations has been always experiencing ups and downs but at the same time when economic factors and cooperation attain prominence vis-à-vis politics, along with cultural cooperation, it has worked as a core and motor of maintaining warm mutual relations. However, the fact is that this has not been able to help for regional peace because furthering trade and economic cooperation has only eased the path for furthering mutual political willingness. There are various aspects, such as regional and International interests, historical backgrounds, geographical and geopolitical location, memberships in regional and International organizations, which has made them pursuing different approaches in their diplomacies that inescapably affected their selection and preferences of coalition and corporation both in regional and global spheres. In this regard, there are some preliminary questions to ask in order to arrive at proper solid responses. These questions constitute the macro-level part of the present study; 1- What are the public diplomacy tools of Turkey and Iran in Syria and Iraq? 2- How their public diplomacy has managed to a contributive foreign policy for the achievement of peace and stability in Iraq and Syria? The Justice and Development Party has been on power in Turkey since 2002 .In the case of Iran, been different parties have been in power since 2002. That is, during 1997-2005 the reformists (Eslah-talaban) were in power in the 7th and 8th governments. Then Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the candidate from conservative party (Osool-garayan) won the elections in two consecutive terms as the sixth and seventh President in 9th and 10th governments from 2005 to 2013. Dr.Hassan Rouhani mostly influenced by reformist (Eslah-talaban) and much less affected by the "Moderates" (Eetedal-garayan), won the election in 2013 as the eighth President in the 11th government. The governing political parties in these countries and their political structures have affected the paradigms of their public diplomacy since, by definition, public diplomacy acts with the help of tools such as media and communication; considering that, the application of these tools varies in these countries based on the instructions of constitution law, political culture, political system, geography and historical background; moreover, the preferences of the governing political parties. I will conclude that the foreign policies of Turkey and Iran have been seriously influenced by their public diplomacy approaches in negative manner. This has caused them to become inconsistent albeit proactive under the effect of new developments, both global, regional and the needs of their domestic policies. More accurately, the existing situation has naturally made them more curious, concerned and beware of with regard to their mutual policies and stances as a kind of direct or indirect response.
The effect of reading novels on Iraqi EFL learners, vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension ability
The study investigated the effect of reading novels in learning English as a foreign language(EFL)among sixty-five students at the Department English Language and literature/ Sulaimani University. The participators were intwo groups (control and experimental groups) including both sexes (39 male and 21 female). All of them were third-year students; they had already studied literature for two years prior to their participation. order to determine the effect of reading novels on language learning, it was necessary to measure placement test, vocabulary and reading comprehension tests, Rosetta Stone software for vocabulary knowledge and Tell Me More software for reading comprehension. The findings showed that control and experimental groups both reported higher than vocabulary in language learning with the mean score of pre-test 15.16, and that for post-test being 17.03. The findings also revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between both groups' vocabulary knowledge, while a statistically significant difference was found to exist in the post-test. The findings showed that reading comprehension reported higher than control and experimental groups in pre-test with mean 14.30 while in post-test, control and experimental groups scored higher than Reading comprehension with mean 17.03. Again, there was no statically significant difference in the mean of the scores of the pre-test of reading comprehension of both groups, while statistically significant difference in the mean of the scores of the post-test of reading comprehension of both groups existed. Correlation analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between reading comprehension and vocabulary knowledge, adhering to the administration of tests. In both groups, the results demonstrated that there was appositive relationship between the students' reading comprehension and vocabulary knowledge in their learning of English as a foreign language.
The Iraqi EFL pre-service student teachers' on teaching grammar at ELT departments of Salahaddin University in Erbil
This study aims chiefly to know the pre-service teachers' perspectives about learning and teaching grammar at ELT departments in Erbil especially English departments at Salahaddin university-SUE in Erbil, because the majority of pre-service teachers suffer from the pattern and the old methods and basically attempt to teach and learn a foreign language in a new and quick. Consequently, many of pre-service teachers favor at teaching and learning grammar with four skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing). But some pre-service teachers are against this perspective and likes to learn grammar as an independent course. There are obvious that language is null without grammar. Yet, some linguists believe that grammar is not needed while some claim that grammar is necessary and should be taught. If teaching grammar is needed, what approach teachers should follow and use. To investigate the aim of the study, both approaches qualitative and quantitative has been adopted in which the approaches to teaching grammar, the benefits and drawbacks of each approach are discussed. A questionnaire was administered to the participants. The questionnaire was administered to 60 pre-service teachers who were randomly selected from College of Languages, Education and Basic education at Salahaddin University for the academic year of 2015-2016, they were chosen as the sample of this research. The questionnaire was used to gather the data about their perspectives to teaching and learning grammar. The results confirm that students are motivated to learn English language unconsciously and to be exposed to English language for learning it and majority of the pre-service teachers think that grammar should be taught in learning English because grammar plays a crucial role in language learning and teaching and it helps the learners to improve their grammatical and communicative competence. The participants, also think that the pedagogical objectives can be attained in teaching grammar courses and achieve the learning outcomes.
Irak'ın 1925 – 2005 arasındaki anayasalarında güçler dengesi
Güçler ayrılığı ilkesi, demokratik sistemlerin dayandığı temel ilkelerden biridir, ve ulusun ve halkın egemenliği ilkesi kadar önemlidir. Bu esasa dayanarak, yapılan bu çalışmada 1748'de yazdığı "Yasaların Ruhu" adlı kitabında yasama, yürütme ve yargı ayrım ilkesini oluşturmayı tercih ettiği ünlü Fransız düşünür Montesquieu'ye atıfta bulumuştur, Ayrıca Montesquieu ve diğer düşünürlerin Fransa'daki demokratik sistem üzerindeki etkisini açıklanmıştır. Bununla birlikte güçler ayrılığı ilkesinin ortaya çıkışı ve ilkenin dayandığ (İngiltere, Fransa ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri) gibi en önemli demokratik sistemlerinden bahsedildikten sonra, Iraktaki 1925 Kanun-i esasi, (1925-1958) yıllar arasındaki anayasaları, 2004 yılının geçici anayasası ve son olarak 2005 Daimi Anayasası'nın oluşumunu, eksiklilerini ve benimsedikleri sistemleri ve bu anayasalarda devlet güçleri neler olduklarını , dağıtımı nasıl olduğunu ve en son güçler dengesi açısandan bu anayasaların arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıklar neler olduğunu ve bu anayasalarda özellikle 2005 Anayasasında demokratik temelleri ne kadar dikkate alındığını açıkalnmıştır.
The impact of (KRG) on the relations between Turkey and Iraq since 2010
The impact of KRG (Kurdish Regional Government) of Iraq on the relationships between Turkey and Iraq has been analyzed in this study. This study has examined the political relationship between Turkey, Iraq and KRG and the impact of economic relations on the political relations between Turkey, Iraq and KRG as well. The researcher has implemented the most applicable literature for collecting all the data which are belong to this research. This study used quantitative and qualitative methods in order to gather and examine information. Furthermore, this project has applied Neoliberal theory for analyzing data. A representative from Iraqi Kurdish representative in Erbil has been interviewed by the researcher in order to get benefit from his experience and knowledge concerning Turkish and Iraqi Kurdish relations. After finishing this project and analyzing the existing data with results the investigator determined that there is a strong bound between established literature and results. This study concludes that there is a strong relationship between Turkey and KRG in last decade. In contrast, the relationships of Turkey and Iraq have gotten worse due to KRG and Turkey relations since 2010. One of the most efficacious factors which influence positively on the relationship between Turkish and KRG are the business interchanging including trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
The energy relations between Turkey and Kurdish Regional Government: Opportunities and challenges
In this thesis, bilateral energy relations between Turkey and Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) has been analyzed using constructivist theory. The research has been relied on several face-to-face unstructured interviews with decision makers, experts, academicians, journalists and politicians as well as related written documents and books. This thesis argues that the energy relations between Turkey and KRG is highly related with their political relations. The thesis has been argued that firstly the improved energy relations between Turkey and KRG would result in more benefit for both sides. Secondly, the strong diplomatic and political relations between Turkey and KRG are factors that work for building and developing the energy relations between the two parties. In other words, political and security-led challenges could become serious obstacle for the improvement of the energy relations. Keywords: Turkey, Iraq, KRG, energy relations
Turkey's relations with the Iraqi and Syrian Kurds: A comparative approach
This thesis examines the striking variance in Turkish foreign policy towards the Iraqi and Syrian Kurds between 2011 and 2017, during the Syrian civil war. It explains the difference in Turkish foreign policy by focusing on the impact of socially constructed identities on actor behavior with the guidance of Lene Hansen's discursive research model. This thesis argues that constructed identities, as the foundation and product of foreign policy, have a major role in shaping the difference in the incumbent Justice and Development Party's (AKP) foreign policy practices towards the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) and the Democratic Union Party (PYD), as well as its armed wing People's Protection Units (YPG). Although both the KRG and the PYD/YPG are pro-Kurdish political formations, the AKP government pursued an alliance with the former from 2007 onwards, while it identified the latter as a national security threat. This thesis uses discourse analysis to inspect the tripartite relationship of these actors from the perspective of identity theory.
Irak'ta eğitim gören 10-12 yaş grubu spor yapan ve yapmayan öğrencilerin fiziksel uygunluk ve özgüven durumları
Bu çalışma; Irak'ta öğrenim gören 10-12 yaş grubu İlköğretim öğrencilerinin fiziksel uygunluklarının EUROFİT test bataryası ile ölçülmesi sonrası spor yapan ve yapmayanlar arasındaki farkları incelemek ve bu durumun özgüven düzeylerine olan etkisini saptamak üzere yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın evrenini ve materyalini Süleymaniye Peshmerge Spor kulübünde spor yapan ve Süleymaniye Şehit Abdulrezzak İlköğretim okulunda öğrenimlerini sürdüren 105'i kız 105'i erkek olmak üzere toplam 210 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Bunlar içerisinde 120 kişi spor yapmayan, 90 kişi spor yapan öğrencilerden oluşur. Verilerin toplanması aşamasında Piers Harris tarafından geliştirilen Özgüven Düzeyi Ölçeği uygulandıktan sonra EUROFİT TEST bataryası ölçüm aşamasına geçilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Flamingo denge testi, esneklik testi, durarak çift bacak öne sıçrama testi, mekik testi, bükük kol tutunma testi, pençe kuvveti testi, 20 metre dayanıklılık mekik koşusu, 10x5 metre koşu testi, antropometrik ölçümler uygulanmıştır ve verilerin istatistiksel çözümlemeleri SPSS paket programı kullanılarak yapıldı. Verilerin parametrik dağılım gösteren değişkenlere ait kız ve erkekler için spor yapan ve spor yapmayan öğrencilerin fiziksel özellikleri ve eurofit testi verilerinin bağımsız t testi sonuçlarına göre; kızlarda kilo, vücut yağı, bükülü kolla asılma haricinde diğer eurofit test sonuçları arasında anlamlı farkın olduğu bulunmuştur. Erkeklerde boy, kilo, Vücut kütle endeksi, denge, otur eriş, pençe kuvveti, 10x5 koşu haricinde diğer testler arasında anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Kızlar ve erkekler için Normallik Sınaması sonuçlarına göre; yaş, 20 m koşu ve özgüven değişkenlerine ait normal dağılım özelliği taşımadığı görülmüştür (p<0.05). Bu değişkenlere Parametrik olmayan testler uygulanmıştır. Spor yapan ve spor yapmayan arasındaki yaş ve 20 m koşu ve özgüven değişkenlerinin kız ve erkekler için Parametrik olmayan test sonuçlarına göre; kız ve erkeklerde spor yapma ve yapmama durumuna bakıldığında yaşa göre bir farklılık olmadığı görülürken 20 m koşu ve özgüven arasında kız ve erkeklerde spor yapma ve yapmama durumuna göre spor yapanların lehine anlamlı farklılık olduğu bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak baktığımızda spor yapmanın10-12 yaş grubu Irak'lı öğrencilerde fiziksel uygunluk ve özgüven durumları üzerinde olumlu etki oluşturduğu söylenebilir. Anahtar Sözcükler Fiziksel Uygunluk, Beden Kütle Endeksi, Obezite, Eurofit Test Bataryası, Özgüven Ölçeği.