Atmosferik partikül maddenin kompozisyonu ve kaynak paylaşımı: Bolu örneği

Totally 326 PM2.5-10 teflon filter, 312 PM2.5 teflon filter, 172 PM10 quartz filter and 166 PM2.5 quartz filter samples were collected in the campus of Abant İzzet Baysal University between March 2013 and February 2014. Teflon filters were used to determine the amounts of anions (F-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, Br-, SO42-) and cations (Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and elements (Li, Be, Na, K, Mg, Al, P, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, W, Hg, Pt, Au, Pb, Bi, Tl, Th, U). Quartz filters were used to evaluate organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and total carbon (TC) in PM10 and PM2.5 mode. For the analysis, ICP-MS, ion chromatography and termal/optical transmittance carbon analyzer were used. The measured concentrations of each parameter were evaluated statistically, seasonally and temporally. Calcium, Al, Fe, Na, Mg, and K had the highest arithmetic mean concentrations. The crustal elements were mostly found in the coarse fraction and the anthropogenic ones were in the fine fraction. The arithmetic means and standard deviations of the particulate matter concentrations were lower in the nonheating season. Particulate matter concentrations were greater than the limit values regulated by law number 4856 of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in some sampling days. The NO3-/SO42- ratio indicated that the sampling site was affected from the coal burning rather than emissions from mobile sources. As a result of cation to anion ratio and multiple linear regression, it was found out that the particulate matter was acidic. The correlations between OC and EC were performed monthly. The high correlation coefficients indicated that they were emitted from the similar sources. The concentrations of primary OC were generally greater than the concentrations of secondary OC. The concentrations of both however showed the increasing trend in the heating season. The source apportionment studies were done by using enrichment factor calculation, wind sector analysis, back trajectories and positive matrix factorization (PMF). The antropogenic elements were highly enriched in both fractions. The dominant wind sector in the sampling area was from West South West sector. There are no local sources from that direction therefore the long-range transportation is the main pollution source. The other pollution sources for the anthropogenic elements that were found from the pollution roses were the city center and highways. The results of PMF combined with back trajectories gave 8 factors affecting the sampling site for both particulate modes. They were named as: Traffic, coal and wood burning, aged aerosol, agricultural activities, polluted soil, iron-steel works, soil, sea-long range transportation for coarse particulate matter. The sources for fine particulate matter were as follows: Soil (Saharan effect), urban factor, sea-long range transportation, poultry sector, coal and biomass burning, traffic-mining, aged aeosol, waste incineration-iron-steel works.