Bor Toksitesi altında 2,4-D ve Dicamba'nın siyez (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) ve ekmeklik (Triticum aestivum L.) buğdayın embriyo kültüründeki kallus ve bitki rejenerasyonuna etkileri

Wheat has been a big part of human history since the first agriculture activity appeared in the past. The first cultivated species, IZA (Einkorn) (Triticum monococcum subsp. monococcum) is an important part of this historical process. In addition, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), which we use for making bread, has, currently, great importance for human nutrition in the world. Today, biotechnological developments are preferred more than classical methods to increase the nutritional values and quality of these wheat and other plant species. In this study, callus formation was achieved by applying embryo culture under five different doses boron stresses (0, 6.2, 12.4, 24.8, and 37.2 mg/L) on mature embryos of diploid IZA and hexaploid variety of Tosunbey wheat, with four different concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L) of two different auxin hormones (2,4-D and Dicamba). The calli formed were then moved to environments with three different BAP concentrations (0, 0.5, and 2 mg/L) to succeed regeneration. Samples when they reached to a certain length, they were moved to containers that contain the same media for their development. Regenerated certain length samples were moved to magenta containers with the same media for the development. The embryos developed in in vitro conditions were allowed to acclimate to the soil after reaching 6-7 cm in length in the magenta boxes. For IZA wheat, the highest and the lowest callus weight was 3.54 and 1.99 g in 2,4-D. media. In Dicamba, 3.71 and 2.02 g were found. For bread wheat, 1.20 and 2.57 g were observed in 2.4-D media while 1.68 and 3.46 g were observed in Dicamba one. Callus dimensions were found as 0.79 and 0.95 cm in 2.4-D for IZA wheat, respectively. It was 0.87 and 1.10 cm in Dicamba. In bread wheat, the results for 2, 4-D are 0.78 cm and 1.01, while in Dicamba it is 0.98 and 1.22 cm. The highest regeneration capacity was 71.33% of IZA wheat and 65.33% for bread wheat. The lowest regeneration capacity was 6% in IZA wheat and 7.33% in bread wheat. The highest number of plants was 3.08 in IZA wheat and 3.71 in bread wheat. The lowest values were 1.33 in IZA wheat and 1.29 in bread wheat. These results showed that IZA wheat is more tolerant to boron stress than bread wheat at the tissue culture level. On the other hand, bread wheat was more effective than IZA for plant regeneration and development.