Formation environments of precious-semi precious stone and metals and special areas of use (gemology-jewellery lithotherapy-radestetics)

Radiometric dating and other methods have proven that the approximate age of our Earth is 4.55 billion years old. During or after the formation of the Earth, various meteorites hit its surface and the frozen ice, silicates and metals in their structures were added to the Earth's crust. This situation caused the formation of lands and oceans through certain processes. Heavy metal and nickel elements descended towards the center and formed the nucleus. The earth's crust began to cool over time and formed the primitive crust. As a result of tectonic plate movements, today's continents were formed. Then, rock types such as igneous (intrusion) rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks were formed. As a result of all these geological processes, some structures were formed on the earth's crust surface and within it. These structures, which have attracted the attention of humankind since ancient times, and the precious and semi-precious stones and metals they contain have maintained their importance until today. Precious and semi-precious stones and metals have been used in various ways in industry and jewellery sectors. Among the 213 precious and semi-precious stones in the TSE 6173-6174 list, information was given about approximately 80 gemstones, which are used more in the thesis content and 4 precious metals (gold, silver, platinum, copper) used in jewellery. The processes and methods used in the field of lapidary stone decoration, the technological tools used in the quality determination of high-value jewellery stone analyzes in gemology, and the techniques required for the alloying of precious metals used in the field of jewelery have been examined in detail. Apart from these usage areas, subjects such as archaeo-gemology, architectural structures, literature, philosophy, medical geology, lithotherapy and dowsing (radiation) are also mentioned. In addition, brief information was given about the certification and economic potential of precious and semi-precious stones. Due to our subject, more detailed information has been included in the content of our thesis by conducting literature studies on the formation processes, properties and usage areas of precious-semi-precious stones and metals.