Determination of metal and metalloid levels in oils obtained from marine species and processed features

The determination of metal and metaloid level in some marine fish (Sparus aurata, Scomber japonicus, Siganus rivilatus) muscle and liver tissue and fish oil extracted in these tissues, and canned fish oil, and oil extracted from macroalgae (Laurencia papillosa and Corallina officinalis) were aimed in present study. The nutrient composition of marine fish and canned fish used as material were ascertained. Bligh and Dyer method was used to determining the nutritional composition of marine fish and canned fish (AOAC, 1995); Spectrophotometric method was used to determine metal and metalloid levels in tissues, oils extracted from fish tissue, macroalgae and processed seafoods. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used in metal and metalloid analysis of the samples. In the muscle tissue nutritional composition of S. aurata, S. japonicus, S. rivilatus species, the species with the highest protein and lipid levels was determined as S. japonicus, and the species with the highest water level was determined as S. aurata. The order of muscle and liver metal and metaloid level detected in S. japonicus Fe>Al>Zn≥Sr≥Ba≥Cu≥As≥Mn=Se≥Cr=Pb≥V; Fe>Zn≥Cu≥Al≥As≥Mn≥Sr≥Se ≥Ba≥Mo≥Pb≥V≥Cr≥Cd, in S. rivulatus Fe>Zn≥Al≥Sr≥As≥Ba≥Cu≥Pb≥Se≥Mn≥Cr≥V; Fe> Zn>Cu>Al≥Sr≥As≥Ba≥Se≥Mo≥Mn≥Pb≥Cd≥Cr≥V, in S. aurata Fe>Zn>Al≥As≥Sr≥Ba≥Cu≥Pb≥Se =Mn≥Cr≥V, Fe>Zn>Cu≥Mn≥Al≥Sr≥As≥Se≥Ba≥Mo≥Cd≥V≥Pb≥Cr respectively. Fe and Zn were found at the highest levels in the muscle and liver tissues of the examined species, followed by Al in the muscle tissue and Cu in the liver tissue. While the level of As, a metalloid, in S. japonicus muscle tissue was found to be higher than in liver tissue, the liver tissue concentration was found to be higher than the muscle tissue concentration in S. rivulatus and S. aurata. The muscle and liver tissue levels of the metals examined in marine species are below the acceptable limits according to the data of FAO (1983), FAO/WHO (2019) and Turkish Food Codex (TFC, 2002). Meanwhile, the muscle tissue level of As has been found above the acceptable limit in S. rivulatus. Metals examined in fish oil extracted in S. japonicus muscle were found below the detection limit except Cr and Mn. Fe, Al and Zn are at higher levels than other elements in the oil extracted in the muscle tissue of S. rivulatus and S. aurata and oil extracted in the liver tissue of all three species. As was detected at the highest level in the oil extracted in muscle tissue of S. aurata and showed a significant difference from muscle and liver tissue oil metalloid levels of other species (p<0.05). The nutritional composition of canned tuna, mackerel, salmon and anchovy fish and the metal and metalloid levels in the oils obtained from canned foods were examined. It has been determined that light, sunflower oil and olive oil used as fillers in canned tuna contain higher levels of metal than canned tuna fillers with olive oil. Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Ba, Pb levels were determined in the oils extracted from L. papillosa and C. officinalis species. It was found that Al was found to be at high concentration in the oils extracted from L. papillosa and C. officinalis, and the levels of other metals examined were within acceptable limits.