Havza yönetimi için CBS

Awareness of contributory watershed management is growing across the developing world, as sediment close the reservoirs and irrigation infrastructure, soil erosion keep to diminish agricultural land. Generally, there is a large degradation in water quantity and quality across the world. The recognition of the importance of watersheds is crucial for sustainable utilization particularly in developing countries where economies and rural livelihoods are highly dependent on the utilization of natural resources. Watershed management deals with various resources types including water, soil, forest, human resource and integrated of water quality knowledge in management. Mismanagement impact, therefore, bring about many problems such as floods, droughts, soil nutrients loss, soil erosion, deforestation and degradation of water quality, leading to degrading humanity living conditions, thus, appropriate watershed management is essential for human and exceedingly required. For several decades, sustainable and integrated watershed management has been proposed and tried in several countries in the world as an effective technique to address complex water and land resource challenges. Yet, its implementation has not been successful in most cases, due to various obstacles such as the lack of the full understanding of the watershed management components and the way they interact together, also the lack of well-prepared watershed inventory, which list all the kind of data required for a certain watershed management project. Finally, the shortage of some required data will directly lead to mismanagement for any watershed project. The first stage of this study mainly aims to cover and investigate all the components of the watershed management and how to use GIS to manage every component in order to provide a full understanding of the social, ecological, and economic factors that related to watershed sustainability . Mainly this study ends up with four essential components of the watershed management, they are water quantity management, water quality management, land management, and biodiversity management. Furthermore, the study covers the subsections of each component. Mainly each component subdivides to three sections, the water quantity management covers the surface water quantity, groundwater quantity, and flood& drought management. While the water quality management covers the non-point source pollution, point source pollution, and source water protection. The land management also carefully investigated and it has been found that it covers the wetland, land use practices, and riparian areas. Finally, the study found out that biodiversity covers the protected areas, fish and wildlife, and Native, Non-native and invasive species. Practitioners of watershed management is more and more turning to computer models to understand and make decisions about the different watershed problems. Such models can provide vision into how human interactions with the landscape affect water quantity and quality. Additional modeling tools trace how those effects ripple through economies, ecosystems, and other systems. An emerging trend for watershed management to link them to a GIS, which provides the basis for integrating data, algorithms, and methods from each discipline of interest. This integration capability makes GIS a very powerful tool for the watershed manager. Therefore, the second stage of this study was to investigate the different kinds of data that GIS requires to manage each of the twelve components of watershed management that have been mentioned before. These data include water demand, land cover, land use, climate, Lake morphology (depth, shoreline, area, residence time), Receiving water quality and quantity, etc. As it has been mentioned before, the shortage of some required data will directly lead to mismanagement in any watershed project. Therefore, the third stage of this study was to evaluate the availability of the open source data for the watershed management by investigate all the open source data platforms and examine the type, scale, diversity, and the accuracy of the data they provide. The study extends farther to examine the availability of these open source data for watershed management. In global, continental, and country scale and then compare the effectiveness of these data in the European Union and the United States, In order to find out which of them provided a better open source data to help their communities to manage their watershed by using geographic information system GIS applications.