Carbon emissions and foreign trade relations: Turkey case

The rapid increase in the world population and the tecnological developments' positive contribution to industrialization has increased demand for resources. The excessive and unconscious use of the factors to meet these needs has confronted mankind with the pronlem of climate change which is the of the most serious problems of the past. Global warming and climate change have changed the structure of gas components in the atmosphere and have allowed countries to take the problem to the global perspective. First the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, then the Kyoto Protocol, took the first steps, and finally the Paris Negotiations continued. However, the United States has announced that they will withdraw from the Climate Talks in Paris because they think they will harm their interests. The United States, explaining this attitude with the concession more concessions to countires such as China and India and the ideo of distributing American prosperity to other countries, also concluded that China's developing economy and European Union member countries', has also brought a different dimension to climate negotiations. Although there are climate changes related to natural causes, it is evident that people's increased demand for limited natural resources is a visible contribution of human influences to climate change, especially in the mid-19th century. Indeed, from the beginning of the human history to the Industrial Revolution, from the Industrial Revolution to the present day, the Earth has lived through the glacial period, which is covered by the great glacial mountains and glaciers also these periods are effected by human activity. The national responsibilities closely related to the foreing trade of the countries, have been requested to be reduced to carbon emission levels by stating the relevant countries. These universal arrangements, which are influential in the industrialization developments of countries, economic growth and development and which directly and indirectly affect international trade, have made it difficult for universal co-operation in practice. It consists of six chapters with introduction and concluison sections in the study. The first part consists of the introduction of the subject and the purpose, method and plan of the problem. In the second part, global climate change and greenhouse effect and historical changes and global warming effect of global climate change are discussed. In the third chapter, the international steps taken in relation to global climate change have been examined. In the fourth chapter, the approaches of the United States, China, European Union and Turkey to climate change are mentioned and the effects of climage change on economic variables are metioned.. The fifth chapters begins with the literature review and econometric methodology, starting with carbon emissions and international trade relations using dynamic panel data analysis for OECD countries. In the second half, carbon emissions and trade relations are made for Turkey. Finally, in the sixth chapter, empirical results are evaluated. In this context, the study of the relationship between carbon emissions and international trade relations has been the aim of the study. Using the dynmaic paned data method and GMM, the relationship between carbon emissions and international trade was examined for 33 OECD countries between 2000-2013. As a result of the application, the relationship between import variable and carbon emission is positive and meaningful,while the relation between export and carbon emissions is negative and meanigful. After that, it was aimed to determine the long-term existence of carbon emissions and international trade relations for Turkey by using the ARDL approach. For the ARDL, the relationship between Turkey's 1960 and 2013 carbon emissions, mports, exports and heavy industrial product varieties has examined. The outcome gives us a percantage which is %1 to %5 for the result tells that Turkey wont be able to say anything definite about the relationship between the variables of trade and and carbon emissions because protocol obligations are low amd are accepted late. Keywords: Carbon Emissions, International Trade, GMM. ARDL