Rıhtım duvarların deprem sırasında davranışı

Soils show different behavior under dynamic loading conditions compared to static loading conditions. While designing structures and their foundations, both static and dynamic loading conditions must be considered. Dynamic loads such as earthquake loading affect the behavior of soil and should be examined before design. In port structures, quay walls are affected by lateral spreading during earthquakes. Due to the liquefaction in reclaimed backfill or foundation soils, quay wall movements take place. This type of failure caused wall damages costing 10 billion US Dollars in 1995 Kobe Earthquake. In this study, general informations about soil liquefaction and its mechanism are presented. In addition, factors triggering liqufaction, liquefaction behavior of soils, liqufaction potential of soils, liquefaction induced displacements, residual strength of soils and evaluation of liquefaction potential are briefly explained. Moreover, lateral spreading, quay wall displacements due to earthquake, liquefaction induced lateral spreading prediction methods, quay wall displacement prediction methods, settlement prediction methods are explained and brief information about 1995 Kobe Earthquake is given. Furthermore, a quay wall damaged during 1995 Kobe Earthquake is modeled in finite element programme PLAXIS. Model parameters are determined by using Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data. The displacements that are calculated with finite element programme are compared to observed displacements and analytical and empirical methods. Moreover, the effect of different earthquake motion to wall displacement is studied. Kocaeli Earthquake (1999), Chi-Chi Earthquake (1999), Northridge Earthquake (1994) and Friuli Earthquake (1976) accelograms are used as different input motions and their effect to quay wall displacement is analyzed. Besides, the effect of densification in reclaimed backfill and foundation soil is studied. Also, the effect of dimension ratio B/H is analyzed. Finally, a damaged quay wall at Kushiro Port during 1993 Kushiro-oki earthquake is modeled and wall displacements are determined. In conclusion, Mononobe-Okabe method is not sufficient for quay wall design as it ignores liquefaction behavior. Local site effects should be evaluated and finite element analyses should be performed to understand wall behavior during earthquakes.