The effect of terrorism on tourism development: Evidence from Sub-Saharan African countries

Tourism has become an important source of income and export item together with the acceleration of globalization for countries. Extensive researchers have conducted studies on the sociocultural, economic, and environmental impacts of the sector with the development of the tourism sector. In this study, the effects of terrorism and trade liberalization on tourism development in Sub-Saharan African countries for the period of 2002-2016 was investigated by using second-generation cointegration and causality tests. As a result of the study, there is no significant causal relationship was detected among terrorism, trade liberalization, and tourism development in the short term. In the long term, the impact of terrorism and trade liberalization on tourism differs among the countries.