Yurtdışına göç yoluyla kalkınma: Fas Krallığı ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma

This study aims to delineate the evolution of discourses on the impact of emigration on socio-economic development in Morocco and Turkey since the signing of the first bilateral labour recruitment agreements with the West European countries in the early 1960s. The states? perceptions of the monetary remittances within their development strategies and the impact of these perceptions on the overall development processes are discussed in line with the emigration experiences of Morocco and Turkey from a comparative point of view. These experiences show that both Morocco and Turkey have passed through very similar phases of labour emigration in the same decades and shaped their perception of emigration-development nexus accordingly. These changes are scrutinized within the international political economic context of their times; the etatism of the 1960s and 1970s, neo-liberalism of the 1980s and 1990s, and globalisation and transnationalism of the 2000s. In line with the continuously changing international context, the literature on emigration-development nexus, specificly on remittances, has evolved from rigid optimist views of the 1950s and 1960s to pessimist approaches of the 1970s and 1980s, and finally it has been dominated by the studies conducted from pluralist views since the 1990s, which are mostly grouped under the title of new economics of labour migration (NELM).Acknowledging the context-sensitive nature of emigration-development nexus in migrant-sending countries, the role of remittances in the development scenes of Morocco and Turkey is discussed in relation to the avalibility of alternative sources of development finance in these countries. This study reveals the Moroccan and Turkish states? approaches towards emigration by relying on the official documents and previous studies on the subject, and examines the role attributed to remittances within the state development strategies by analysing various statistics from national and international sources. From being the main source of foreign currency for both Morocco and Turkey in the 1960s, remittances have relatively lost their importance as development finance in Turkey since 1980s with increasing amounts of foreign direct invetsment and tourism revenues while they are constantly strengthening their position as being financier of budget debts in Morocco. The process of emigration leading to such changes in the role of remittances has passed through three distinct phases, each of which has caused emergence of different perceptions and discourses regarding the developmental impact of emigration; officially regulated labour emigration to West Europe from the 1960s to the mid-1970s, emigration for family reunification, family formation, and asylum to West Europe and spread of labour immigration to the oil rich Arab countries from the mid-1970s to the 1990s, and rising impact of globalisation, transnationalism and the European Union on migration issues since the 1990s.