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Liderin inovasyon üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi: Havacılık sektörü
Bu çalışmada havacılık sektöründe faaliyet yürüten yöneticilerin sergiledikleri liderlik türlerinin çalışanların yenilikçi iş davranışlarına etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İlişkisel tarama modelinde yürütülen çalışmanın örneklemini, Sabiha Gökçen ve İstanbul Havalimanında faaliyet gösteren hava yolu şirketlerinin çalışanlarından kolayda örneklem yöntemi ile seçilen toplam 385 katılımcı oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada, Liderlik Tarzları Ölçeği ve Yenilikçi İş Davranışları Ölçeğini içeren anket formu kullanılarak birincil veri toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde SPSS 24.0 yazılımından faydalanılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında sırasıyla frekans analizi, geçerlilik analizi, güvenilirlik analizi, normallik analizi, tanımlayıcı istatistiksel analiz, korelasyon analizi, regresyon analizi ve fark analizleri (t-testi ve ANOVA) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda demokratik liderlik ve karizmatik liderliğin yenilikçi iş davranışları üzerinde olumlu yönde ve anlamlı etkilerinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan otokratik liderlik, hümanist liderlik ve bürokratik liderliğin yenilikçi iş davranışları üzerinde anlamlı etkilerinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanında liderlik türleri ve yenilikçi iş davranışları seviyesinin katılımcıların cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim durumu ve kıdemlerine göre anlamlı farklılık göstermediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Türkiye'de lojistik 4.0'ın istihdama olan etkisi üzerine nitel bir araştırma
Lojistik, insan var olduğu sürece önemini yitirmeyecek bir kavramdır. İlk zamanlarda insanlar lojistiğin en basit halini kullanmışlardır. Ancak büyüyen dünya nüfusu, insanların ihtiyaçlarının artması ve teknolojik gelişmeler lojistiğin işleyişini tamamen değiştirmiştir. Gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte lojistik zamanla evrilmiş ve gelecekte de evrilmesi beklenmektedir. Günümüzde, ilk defa Almanya'da ortaya atılan ve birçok şirket tarafından benimsenen Endüstri 4.0 kavramı kullanılmaktadır. Endüstri 4.0 kavramı sanayinin birçok bölümünü etkilemiş ve lojistikte bundan nasibini almıştır. Böylece Endüstri 4.0 kavramı Lojistik 4.0 kavramını da ortaya çıkardığı söylenebilir. Bu çalışmada Lojistik 4.0'ın şirketlerdeki kullanımı ve istihdamı nasıl etkilediği hakkında nitel bir araştırma yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Lojistik sektörü ile ilgilenen 10 firmanın lojistik yöneticilerine 13 adet mülakat sorusu yöneltilmiştir. Mülakat sorularına verilen cevaplar nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenoloji deseni kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları göz önüne alındığında lojistik 4.0 sektördeki istihdam konusunda insan gücü ile yapılan işlerin olumsuz etkilenebileceği düşünülmektedir. Aksine teknolojik, inovatif, otomasyon sistemlerin yönetimi ve stratejik kararlar veren sistem faaliyetlerinin istihdam açısından olumlu etkilenebileceği kanısı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca katılımcıların bazıları lojistik 4.0 bileşenlerinin ortaya koyduğu farklı istihdam kadrolarının şirket içerisinde, çalışan sayısının ve tedarik zincir verimliliğin artacağı, bu artışın ise beraberinde istihdamı olumlu etkilediği düşünülmektedir. Araştırma sonuçlarının lojistik sektöründe görev yapan ve yapacak personele, hem de bu alanda gelecekte çalışmalar yapacak araştırmacılara katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Lojistik hizmet kalitesi ile yeniden satın alma niyeti arasındaki ilişkide müşteri güveni ve memnuniyetinin rolü: Z kuşağı üzerine ampirik bir araştırma
İşletmeler online alışveriş müşterilerinin memnuniyet oranını arttırarak yeni müşteri kazanma maliyetinden çok daha düşük bir maliyetle eski müşterilerinde yeniden satın alma niyeti oluşturmanın çok daha verimli ve etkin olduğunu fark etmişlerdir. Müşterilerin lojistik hizmetlerden aldıkları kalitenin yeniden satın alma davranışının oluşmasında önemli bir öncül olduğu yapılan araştırmalarda görülmektedir. Ayrıca son zamanlarda gelişen teknolojiye hızlı adapte olma becerisine sahip olan Z kuşağı bireylerin pek çok alanda olduğu gibi yeniden satın alma tercihlerinde de farklılıklar olabileceği varsayımından hareketle bu kuşak özelinde yeniden satın alma niyetine etki eden öncüllerden müşteri memnuniyeti ve müşteri güveninin rolü ve etkisinin incelenmesine ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bu araştırmada Z kuşağı bireylerin lojistik hizmet kalitesi algılarının yeniden satın alma niyeti oluşturmadaki etkisinde müşteri memnuniyet düzeyi ve müşteri güven düzeyinin aracılık etkilerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma ankete dayalı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında literatürde geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği test edilmiş ölçekler kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın veri seti online anket çalışması yolu ile elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada toplam 706 anket toplanmıştır. Toplanan anketlere dayalı veri seti oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında altı ana hipotez geliştirilmiştir. Hipotezlerin test edilmesi için SPSS ve AMOS paket programları aracılığıyla istatistiksel analizler yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda normallik testi, örneklem yeterlilik testi, keşfedici faktör analizi, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, korelasyon analizi, regresyon analizi ve aracılı etki analizleri yapılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre; internet üzerinden alışverişte Z kuşağının lojistik hizmet kalite algısının yeniden satın alma niyeti üzerinde pozitif yönde anlamlı etkiye sahip olduğu, müşteri memnuniyet düzeyinin ve müşteri güven düzeyinin lojistik hizmet kalite algısı ile yeniden satın alma niyeti arasındaki ilişkide aracılık etkisine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca cinsiyet, medeni durum ve yaş demografik değişkenlerine göre fark analizleri yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda müşteri memnuniyet ve müşteri güven düzeylerinin lojistik hizmet kalitesi algısı ile yeniden satın alma niyeti arasındaki ilişkide etkin rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre hem uygulamaya dönük hem de gelecek araştırmalara yönelik öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
Successful creation and management of a modern brand
This study aimed to analyze the process of successful creation and management of a modern brand. In the research, the phenomenology research approach was adopted, and the in-depth interview technique as one of the qualitative research methods was utilized. Research findings implied that the needs and opinions of consumers are crucial to the decision-making process and strategy formulation in brand management. A company's brand promotion and long-term viability in today's digital landscape need constant attention. For long-term success in promoting and selling the brand to wide audiences, social media utilization is crucial. However, in this process, it will benefit the business to appoint professionals as social media responsible in order to reduce potential negative outcomes, such as public misperceptions and damage to the company's reputation. The reach and sway of social media shares in the purchase decision process are remarkable. According to the findings of this study, brand managers and expert teams are the true backbones of successful firms. Today, businesses should give importance to the brand management process much more and it will be necessary to be successful in conveying the activities of the brand to larger masses by using social media tools, in the presence of experts and in a certain amount of budget allocation, in providing selectivity in visual and auditory perception. It is anticipated that the findings of this research would provide direction for the brand management operations of enterprises. Based on the information in the thesis, it will be in the best interest of businesses to come up with plans for how to handle their brand management processes in the future. Key Words: Brand, creation, management, business, strategy.
Adaptation of sustainable e-commerce based on countries' income levels from the perspective of economic sustainable development goals
Sustainable E-Commerce Index (SECI) is introduced in this study, which was developed to measure the impact of e-commerce, among the three basic elements of sustainable development goals, the one related to the sustainable economy. The variables were chosen based on Endogenous Growth Theory (EGT), which highlights the importance of internal factors in sustaining economic growth. The SECI includes 33 indicators distributed across 12 dimensions addressing basic internal factors such as technological capacity, infrastructure strength, and economic stability. In this context, the SECI a comprehensive approach to measure the potential contribution of e-commerce to a sustainable economy. The SECI covers countries with different economic levels, emphasizing the differences provided by different income levels. The findings of the study clearly demonstrate that investments in logistics and technological infrastructure are of vital importance in ensuring the sustainable growth of e-commerce. In particular, the development and optimization of transportation networks, innovative distribution models and digital platforms stand out as key determinants in ensuring long-term competitiveness and operational efficiency in the field of e-commerce. In addition, the analyses show that national trade dynamics, information and communication technologies (ICT) capacity and prevalence, banking, internet access and income distribution, and various socio-economic indicators have multifaceted and significant effects on the performance and durability of e-commerce. These findings also reveal the need for a comprehensive policy approach that requires infrastructure investments to be addressed in an integrated manner with digitalization and social development strategies in order to fully benefit from the potential of sustainable e-commerce. The SECI proves to be an important tool for understanding the role of e-commerce in promoting sustainable economic growth. Based on data from 146 countries, this study emphasizes the critical role of strong infrastructure and technological adaptation in promoting economic sustainability. The findings reveal the importance of policy development and infrastructure investments to maximize the contribution potential of e-commerce to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is emphasized that the development of digital infrastructures, increased access to technology and strategic investments offer great potential in accelerating sustainable development processes. In this context, it was concluded that policy makers should prioritize infrastructure and technology investments to strengthen the impact of e-commerce to economic and environmental sustainability. In addition, it was determined that stakeholders in the sector should provide ease of use to consumers and gain their satisfaction, thus increasing the impact of e-commerce on a sustainable economy. In this thesis, a forecast model was created in the pilot region of Turkiye and SDG estimation was carried out with SECI using the ANFIS method. This model is presented as a tool that allows for a more in-depth analysis of the impact of e-commerce on economic sustainable development goals and is expected to contribute to the shaping of future strategic policies and decisions in this direction. It also aims to help decision-makers evaluate the opportunities and risks associated with e-commerce from a more holistic perspective.
Comparative analysis of London and Istanbul real estate markets
Londra ve İstanbul, bölgesel önemleri nedeniyle küresel yatırımcıları cezbeden iki büyük gayrimenkul piyasasıdır. Ancak, Londra uzun vadeli yatırım açısından daha güvenli ve kârlı bir ortam sunmaktadır. Londra piyasası, finansal istikrar, sıkı düzenlemeler ve şeffaf fiyatlandırma sistemleriyle karakterize edilirken; İstanbul'da ise siyasi belirsizlik, enflasyon ve tutarsız denetim mekanizmaları yatırımcı endişelerini artırmaktadır. Londra'nın başlıca avantajlarından biri, İstanbul'a kıyasla daha yüksek düzeydeki siyasi ve ekonomik istikrarıdır. Birleşik Krallık'ın net mali politikaları ve kurumsal şeffaflığı, hem yerli hem de yabancı yatırımcıların gayrimenkul işlemlerine güvenle katılımını kolaylaştırmaktadır. Londra ayrıca, çeşitlilik arz eden uluslararası nüfusu ve küresel şirketlerin güçlü varlığı sayesinde istikrarlı bir kira talebine sahiptir. İstanbul piyasası ise yüksek nüfus, canlı inşaat sektörü ve ekonomik dönüşümle birlikte büyüme göstermiş olsa da, daha dalgalı bir yapı sergilemektedir. Deprem riski, yetersiz altyapı ve düzenleyici denetim eksiklikleri yatırım ortamını daha da karmaşık hâle getirmektedir. Buna karşılık, Londra'nın kentsel planlama uygulamaları, yapı standartları ve kiracı koruma yasaları yatırımcı güvenini artırmaktadır. Londra gayrimenkul piyasası aynı zamanda daha çeşitlidir; kompakt dairelerden lüks konutlara kadar geniş bir mülk yelpazesi sunmaktadır. Şehrin gelişmiş altyapısı, küresel bağlantıları ve finans merkezi olarak sahip olduğu itibar, sürekli talep ve yüksek kira getirileri sağlamaktadır. Brexit ve küresel ekonomik belirsizliklere rağmen Londra, sermaye yatırımları açısından tercih edilen bir destinasyon olmayı sürdürmektedir. İstanbul'da gayrimenkul fiyatları daha uygun olmakla birlikte, piyasa daha yüksek riskler taşımaktadır. Hızlı kentleşme, enflasyon ve yönetişim sorunları getiri üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaratabilir. İstanbul, bazı çevresel bölgelerde daha cazip hâle gelmekle birlikte, genel olarak uzun vadeli değer, yatırımcı koruması ve küresel öneme sahip olma açısından Londra öncülüğünü korumaktadır. Sonuç olarak, her iki şehir de kendine özgü yatırım fırsatları sunsa da, Londra gayrimenkul yatırımı için daha istikrarlı ve güvenilir bir tercih olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Ekonomik dayanıklılığı, şeffaf piyasa yapısı ve sürekli talep, Londra'yı küresel yatırımcılar için öncelikli kılmaktadır. İstanbul ise potansiyel taşımakla birlikte, Londra'nın uzun vadeli büyüme açısından sunduğu düzenleyici ve yapısal temellere henüz sahip değildir.Mevcut durumu değerlendirmek ve araştırma sorularını yanıtlamak amacıyla tanımlayıcı istatistiksel analiz yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, özellikle ekonomik, siyasi ve doğal afet riskleri açısından değerlendirildiğinde, Londra'nın İstanbul emlak piyasasına kıyasla daha cazip bir yatırım destinasyonu olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
Awareness of clean energy use in internationaltrade and logistics companies
This study examines the evolution of the awareness of the sectors that play an active role in the field of international trade and logistics, regarding the use of clean energy, from history to the 21st century, the applications used today and the dynamics shaped by political obligations, specifically in Turkey. Starting from the first purposes of using clean energy in history, the attitudes of companies in this field, the advantages and obstacles they face today are examined. In the study, it is observed that due to the increasing environmental impacts of fossil fuels and their exhaustibility, the trend towards renewable resources is gaining momentum and they are preferred as alternative energy solutions in logistics and international trade activities. It is seen that clean energy was first used together with sustainable energy sources such as water, wind and solar energy after the industrial revolution. The necessary details regarding the operation of sustainable resources are explained in the study. It is emphasized in this study that the reason for the transition to clean energy is not only the depletion of fossil fuels and the environmental pollution it causes, but also the political obligations brought by international agreements such as the Montenegro Agreement and the EU Green Deal direct companies to green transformation. The minimum training that logistics companies should provide to their employees regarding the use and awareness of clean energy is researched and mentioned.
The effects of logistics centers on freight transportation within transportation modes
Logistics Centers are a main part of development in logistics sectors. These places are where all activities related to logistics organized facilities. These activities are briefly; warehousing, handling, transportation, loading-unloading, offices, terminals and distribution centers. The logistics centers in Europe were founded in the 1990s. These places began to be established under the leadership of TCDD in our country and their history dates back approximately ten years. In this study, logistics centers in the world and in our country have been studied and researched. The first establishment Samsun (Gelemen) logistics center has been evaluated within the scope of main of logistics centers objectives. Transportation before foundation and after foundation was investigated. Freight transfer between train and road modes status is analyzed. With the cost analysis has been assessed cost- benefit advantage situation in the region. It is evaluated that logistics centers in our country have a great contribution to Turkey economy and Turkey logistics sector especially as an intermodal terminal. Key words: Logistics, Logistics Center, Samsun (Gelemen) Logistics Center, intermodal terminal, freight transfer, cost-benefit
Reverse logistics, acceptance and manufacturing optimization policies
Reverse logistics involves effective flow planning, implementation and control activities of raw materials, semi-finished and final products, from the point of origin to the final destination for the purpose of capturing value, or proper disposal. In addition, reverse logistics is a process that enables companies to become more environmentally efficient.Furthermore, many companies around the world have recognized the importance of reverse logistics in the economy and environment and have set this as thier operating structure and mission. A successful application of reverse logistics,provides the company a competitive advantage by reducing the company's raw material asset costs, lower the risks involved with consumer purchase, shorten response time and fulfillthe social responsibility whilst promoting a green image for the company. In addition to the opportunities with environmental and cost-based deals provided to the businesses, reverse logistics have become a mandatory regulation within numerous countries. For this reason, thecompanies select the suppliers that work well in this context. This study has derived from an original equipment manufacturing businesses that aimsto meet the needs of consumers who demand a single product. Original parts manufacturers use a hybrid system which consist of normal production and reproduction. Both of thesemethod's are carried out on the basis of production orders.Unlike the returned products, the final products are kept in stock. The problem is addressed through the acceptance and production control within the production system whilst aiming to create the optimal policy structure.
The comparison of the business models for logistics villages in Turkey and evaluation of Samsun logistics center
Competition and scales were increased between countries and companies after globalization. Logistics cost must be lowered and operations must be faster. Another method of improving logistics services to increase intermodal transportation, railway and maritime transportation. Since many years Logistics villages and centers have been used for the development of logistics worldwide. Since the last 10 years, Turkey has taken logistics seriously and has developed various logistic village projects. All the regional logistic master plans prepared by state consist of logistics villages and centers. As seen in Ankara Logistics Hub project, the private sector has commenced operations in their own. TCDD (State Railways) has begun the construction of intermodal centers which will support the development of logistical infrastructure by railway transport. All these projects will be supported with logistics villages and centers in cities of high logistic capacities. Among these projects, the Samsun Logistics Center as having raised funding and being already under construction. In this work, Samsun Logistics Center's particulars were compared with those in Europe. Also, the firms which will operate in the logistics center, a survey was conducted to identify their expectations from the center. The same individuals will be asked for their opinions of the proposed management model which is chosen to be implemented while the logistics village's effects on Samsun Province and on the method of doing business of the firms that have completed the survey was identified. Key Words: Logistics village, logistics center, logistics warehouse demand survey, logistics village investment models, logistics village management models.
The economy of the country air transport effects and some problems
Air transportation is one of the transportation types that succeeded in putting itself forward in the beginning the 20th century among transportation types. The transportation sector, providing transportation of persons or goods from one destination to another started to become more and more important in our globalizing world, which becomes a smaller village every single day. The fact that the air transportation sector is one of the sectors most open to the international arena, causes the concept of globalization to effect this sector deeply. Notwithstanding the foregoing, deregulation lived in the sector, privatizations, company mergers and business associations as well as regulations made in the international arena attract attention. In our country however, the air transportation sector entered a trend of rapid growth as realization of domestic flights by private airline companies was permitted, foundation of companies became easy, provision of ease in supply of airplanes and personnel, government grants, incentives and discounts. This trend of growth also caused demand for cargo and passengers to increase. The purpose of performing this operation, every day have knowledge about the functioning of developing air transport and to bring solutions to possible problems in this development process. Key Words: Air Transport, Logistics, Transportation, Passenger Transport
The Turkish Airlines case study on the impact of air cargo ramp operations
Logistics activities are the most important element of global trade operations that include cut throat competition environment and no national boundaries. Although logistics activities are huge cost items for business organizations, the air cargo logistics which is famous for its velocity advantages and provides maximum progress when compared with the other transportation modals, has vital importance as economical earnings. Air cargo revenues are the guarantors for airlines even operating in the low capacities passenger service. Efficient sales activities are crucial for maximizing the cargo revenues. Quick and high qualified air cargo ramp operations should be provided in order to sell efficiently. Ramp Operations have two processes which call Ramp and Warehouse (W/H) management. Each two processes work through as their own dynamics. When these dynamics gather, a perfect air logistics operation blossoms. An air cargo operator which satisfies its customers and market on time and constantly, could get the opportunity to maximize its income in a short time period. This study handles the presence of air cargo ramp operations and the affecting factors on air cargo ramp operations. The history, definitions, importance and the affecting factors of air cargo ramp operations is mentioned at first. After that, the strong and weak sides of operations are mentioned and the opportunities and threats are introduced. The cautions are clarified which should be taken in order to convert the air cargo ramp operations to the sales growth factor in the following chapter; in this process, the general situation of Turkish Air Cargo Ramp Operators is evaluated in the study. The last chapter is about the effects of ramp operations on operational costs. It is tried to explain with three different exemplifications. This study aims to provide the recognition of the air cargo ramp operations and benefits from the suggestions. The qualitative and quantitive methods are being used. Key Words: Air Cargo, Air Logistics, Air Cargo Ramp Operations,
The effects of third party logistics (3PL) firms on electronic commerce and customer satisfaction
This thesis focuses on clarifying the issues and relations between electronic commerce (e-commerce), Third Party Logistics (3PL) and customer satisfaction. The thesis aims at analyzing and explaining the relationships between 3PL, electronic retailers and e-commerce. To combine them, in this thesis, the effects of 3PL on e-commerce, and the means by which it provides customer satisfaction in accordance with 3PL services, is explored. There's no doubt that logistics processes have an effect on customer satisfaction in a positive or negative manner, since customers have one-to-one relations with electronic retailers. Actually, electronic retailers provide electronic shopping opportunities to the customers and logistics providers act like a bridge between them. For a deep understanding of the effect of 3PL on e-commerce, the results of the research should be interpreted in accordance with customers and their satisfaction In the thesis, relations of electronic retailers and 3PL is analyzed and relevant relationships are explained based on available data, a consumer survey and face-to-face interviews with e-retailers. The relations between electronic retailers and customers are also be investigated. As a conclusion of this research, the effects of e-commerce on the relations of 3PL, electronic retailers, and customers are clarified. This thesis tend to see how e customers is affected accordingly relationships between electronic retailer and 3PL. To deeply understand this, there are analysis and surveys research method among 3PL, electronic retailers and e customers. The research also aim to uncover how the 3PL use the technology and connect the electronic retailers and their customers. Keywords: Electronic Commerce, Electronic Retailer, E Customer, Customer Satisfaction, Third Party Logistics
The return of waste electrical and electronic equipment in reverse logistic and impact of recycling economy
Due to the rapid technological developments and increasing needs experienced today, we have been facing a new type of waste which is called "electrical and electronic waste". The term includes all of the items which have usage areas at home, in office and industry or which have completed their useful life or which are not used anymore due to other technical problems and their impossibility of repairment such as televisions, mobile phones, telephones, refrigerators, washing machines, computers and etc. These items contain many harmful components such as, mercury, cadmium, selenium and plastic in particular, that are harmful both for environmental and for human health. In this study, how electrical and electronic waste should be collected with a minimum rate of damage to human and environmental health, how the harmful components are processed within the recycling systems, and the necessity of processing of waste electrical and electronic items are investigated not only by taking the European Union Standards but also National Legal Regulations into consideration. Furthermore, within the scope of this study, the rationality question of the recycling of these items is examined based on the one-year tonnage of electrical and electronic waste of Istanbul. During this examination, a licensed recycling facility had been observed for two years and collected data's were processed as one year, furthermore the workflow diagrams and process layouts gained from the facility that were used. Key words: Legal Regulations, WEEE Management, Electrical-Electronic Waste, Recycling.
The effects of new generation technologies on the sales and marketing strategies of airline companies
Today, the use of the internet as a trading tool has led to the emergence of the concept of electronic commerce and mobile technology. The aviation industry has also adopted new technologies and has started to use it because of the fact that it is one of the leading sectors that use technology the most. The use of basing internet information technologies has a positive impact on distribution costs in airlines. It has also given a new format to the relationships between intermediaries and customers. Airline companies also see this technology as an effective means of competition in Turkey and invest heavily in this area. It is predicted that mobile technology will shape the future of the aviation industry. This research was conducted as descriptive quantitative design aiming to determine that the effects of new generation technologies on sales and marketing strategies of the airline companies. 400 people, who participated in the survey developed by the researcher, formed the sample of the research in the Turkey. The results of the study indicate that the 18-35 (Generation Y) age group, which uses the technology and closely follows the discounts & the campaigns should be given importance in customer-oriented marketing activities. In addition, it is seen that finding reasonable tickets and saving time parameters are important for the customers and that the airline sales and marketing strategies will be shaped through the mobile in the future. Key words: Airlines, aviation, reservation systems, sales and marketing, information technology, electronic trade, mobile technology
Evaluating the effect of export incentives on foreign trade
In the underdeveloped and developing countries, making the economic growth depends on increment of export and so encouragement of export. In the developed countries, increasing and encouraging export have the importance with regards to protect and increase available share in the foreign markets and take the share from new markets. Increasing of exports has also attached importance in Turkey which has followed the 'Export Oriented Growth Model' since 1980, and various export incentives have been implemented depending on this development strategy. The aim of these incentives implemented are to; increase the export, gain the competition power to Turk exported goods in the international markets and diversity the exported goods.
EU Emission Trading System: Intermodal solutions to meet requirements
Escalating sensitivity and global awareness towards the climate change are pushing supranational organisations to apply strict policies to prevent irreversible outcomes. European Union, the biggest trade partner of Turkey, launched the first multinational and the most comprehensive emission trading scheme in 2005. EU ETS covers 45% or the emissions created by the member countries, while the rest 55% is regulated by Effort Sharing Decision. Transportation sector is not included in the EU ETS yet, however it is still governed by the ESD. EU is focusing on the climate change phenomenon not only by regulations, but also with investments in infrastructures especially for more efficient land transportation. The principles, weaknesses and opportunities of EU ETS and other regulatory policies and investments developed by the EU authorities are analysed to make recommendations for Turkish road transportation sector to comply, moreover, take advantage of those regulations. In order to support the thesis with quantitative results, independent samples T -Test is used. The shift from unimodal road transportation to multimodal transportation is found essential for the future of Turkish road transportation sector. Key words: Climate change, EU ETS, Effort Sharing Decision, Turkish Road Transportation Sector, Multimodality
Internet of things (IOT): The impacts of the IOT on economic, industry, and technology
The Internet of Things has come a long way since yesterday. The IoT has had a significant impact on the economy and social life. It is estimated that these effects will continue to increase in the future. In this study, the economic effects of these effects, which can be measured in particular, will be discussed. At the beginning of economic effects, the relationship between economic data, in other words, macroeconomic data, and the significance of these relationships are taken as the basis in this study. This research on the relationship between economic data and the Internet of objects may be one of the main documents that reveal the effects of this issue on the sector and social life. Macroeconomic data includes various indices that affect the economy. The relationship between these indices and their future values will help us make some predictions about the internet of objects. In this study, correlations between the indices such as global commitment index, national income per capita and development indices were searched and the relations between them were interpreted and various hypotheses and hypotheses about the power of objects to affect our future life were tested and these hypotheses were tested with statistical tests. Keywords: IoT, Economy, RFID, Transportations, SCM, Blockchain.
Analysis of Turkey's poultry egg sector in terms of export marketing and financing
Egg is an important international trade product with its high nutritional value, extensive usage area and consumption in a wide geography. Nowadays, in particular, Turkey has a competitive advantage in the egg trade with neighboring countries. In Turkey, secondary sectors also provide benefit from egg commerce. The egg trade in Turkey not only benefits the sector itself but also benefits the secondary sectors.Therefore, well-established marketing and appropriate financing solutions of egg exports gain importance. In this study, egg production sector in Turkey is examined in a detailed way in terms of marketing and finance. Key Words: Egg, Production, Export, Eximbank, Financing
Evaluating of leisure and business travelers' preferences amongairline companies in Turkey
The growth of the world's population, and the rapid development of today's technology have also increased globally in air transport. In fast-moving air transportation, competition has been increased by establishing private airlines as well as flag carriers of countries. As a result, it has been observed that the preferences of airlines have changed for the purpose of travel for passengers over the years and the dynamic continuity of competition between airlines, the development of airlines themselves, and in order to keep the quality standards alive. It has begun to appear according to the purposes of the passengers traveling. In this study, the reasons why passengers prefer airlines and the types of the purposes will be investigated. The results of these reasons vary according to the answers given to the questions. Additionally, results will help to improve the strategic decision-making processes of airlines. The 550 people surveyed by the researcher sampled the research conducted in Turkey. The results of the study are generally focused on passengers travelling touristically in making their journeys according to the purposes of the passengers who prefer the airline, low cost ticketing it is seen that the parameters of charging and saving time are more important than the preferences of passengers travelling for business travel purposes.
The low-cost carrier model in the Turkish aviation industry with Pegasus Airlines as a case study
The rapid development and competitive environment in the Turkish Civil Aviation sector began in 2003 with the adoption of a law allowing private airlines to make domestic flights. These developments were pioneered by the liberalization movement in 1983, the opening of new airports with the infrastructure works carried out in the 1990s and the introduction of private charter airlines. The Low-Cost Carrier (LCC) business model, which was trendy in the world in that period, began to be implemented in Turkey in 2005, after the liberalization of the domestic routes. The main principle in low-cost air transport is based on minimizing the costs of the airline and reflecting the prices of only mandatory products to its passengers, in order to offer the lowest possible price. The aim of this study is to examine the development of the Turkish civil aviation sector after 2003 and to reveal the contribution of the LCC business model to the industry, society and the country and to present the growth rate of LCC market shares. In this study, first, the development of the Turkish civil aviation industry and its evolution, especially after 2003, were examined. Then, traditional and LCC business models are examined and the differences between their applications are presented; Then, by conducting a case study with Pegasus Airlines, the characteristics of the Turkish LCC business model and the aspects affecting the competition were revealed. As a result of the study carried out, it was determined that the aviation industry started to develop rapidly after 2003 in Turkey and the market shares of LCC's were stealing from traditional airline market shares and growing faster than them.
Project management of air passenger service quality at the airport (with, LLC "Domodedovo International Airport» as a case study)
Some of the main measures in the field of civil aviation development in Russian federation, mentioned In the document "Fundamentals of state policy of the Russian Federation in the areas of aviation activity for the period up to 2020" some of the main measures in the field of civil aviation development are: improving the quality of air transportation, aviation work, provision of services to the international level; legislative consolidation standards of quality of these works and services, measures of responsibility for them non-compliance; ensuring the rights of consumers of aviation services; increasing aviation safety and aircraft safety. To increase their competitiveness in the air transport services market, enterprises have to pay special attention to quality issues. The main indicators of the quality of services in aviation activities are safety and regularity of flights, aviation safety, and service. Currently, the insufficiently developed regulatory and methodological framework and the lack of approved regulations for assessing the quality of passenger (customer) service at the airport hinder the effectiveness of the functioning of Russian airlines. The analysis of scientific works in the field of quality of air transport and, in particular, airport services, has shown that in the field of airport activities, these issues have not been studied and worked out enough, especially in terms of developing a unified methodology and model for assessing the level of quality of airport services. This explains the relevance of the dissertation research. It is aimed to contribute to the development of airport enterprises by suggesting the methods to be used in the project management to be carried out in order to increase the quality of airport operations in the countries especialy Russia and etc. Also by emphasizing the lack of all these factors aimed to encourage to related authoritys to pay necessary attentions to mentioned problems and practice the proper solutions on the aviation (aiport) fields. Keywords: Project Management Methods, Russian Civil Aviation Sector, Project Management At The Airports, Passenger Services
An assessment of a security policy vital for interlard of Turkish aviation
With globalization, air travel has become a part of daily life. However, aviation, like all other logistical elements, is a sector in which its safety and security must be ensured at the highest level. The in-flight security officers, one of the various measures taken to protect this sector, which has been the target of malicious attacks in the period from the time it started to become widespread until today, is the last preventive step in providing in-flight security. In this study, civil aviation in Turkey, the concept of security, attacks on aviation due to in-flight vulnerability were sampled, and then international and national legislation related to civil aviation security was examined. To this end, the deficiencies that emerge when international examples are examined in the structure of the national organization has been identified. With the study, a model proposal is presented by compiling the information by revealing the concept of in-flight security officers in the manner studied in the national and international literature. It is expected that the information compiled may light the way the organization of in-flight security officer implementation in Turkey with the thesis work. Keywords: Civil Aviation, Civil Aviation Security, In-Flight Security Officer, Air Marshal, Sky Marshal
Makroekonomik verilerin seramik sektörüne etkileri
Macroeconomic is a branch of economic science that deal with general economic activities of a country related policy factors and issues. Macroeconomic and related policies greatly affect industrial product management and manufacturing. Macroeconomic has also great impacts on sectoral and trades of certain industry such as ceramic. In this regard, this study was designed to investigate the effects of the macroeconomic factors on the ceramic industry. According to the findings in this thesis, while Turkey is now past macro-economic data in ceramic tile and ceramic sanitary ware sector, which borders up the global market in a relatively advantageous against other European countries are planned for the future by getting him to guide the work and is considered especially how it should act in a sudden crisis. In this study, related literature was searched, and statistical data of Turkish Ceramic Federation was used. The collected data were analyzed and presented with the use of EViews 10. The exchange rate of the dollar and the gross domestic product value per capita were found to be effective on the export rate of the ceramic sector. In conclusion, the coefficients of dollar value, income per person, ∆unemployment and inflation variables are statistically significant at 95% confidence level. In addition to this findings, the ceramic art from Turkey and the Europeans with easy access of the ceramic main input than their competitors clay, kaolin and quartz that the role in the baking the ceramic and the largest supplier of gas, the main cost item more than their European rivals in relations with Russia, Turkey is considered to be a shining star of the future in the ceramic industry. Keywords: Macroeconomy, ceramic industry, import, export, currency
The effect of crew resource management to flight safety culture:A study on Turkish pilots
Although the advanced technologies and automation used in the aviation sector have developed more rapidly with each passing day, human resources have been at the center of all kinds of aviation activities since early times. The human factor has been brought to the agenda not only by the inventions, innovations and the systematic conveniences it has brought to aviation sector, but also sometimes by the mistakes they have made and the losses of life and property they have caused. In aviation accidents with very serious consequences, the eyes always looked first for the human factor in accidents. In an industry where the human factor is so important, the importance of Crew Resource Management, which is based on communication and cooperation between people, is arguably quite high. Flight safety is seen to be high in companies where Crew resource management is successfully implemented. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the effects of Crew Resource Management on Flight Safety Culture. Within the scope of this aim, hypotheses and sub-hypotheses were established and the accuracy of the hypotheses were tested in the application section. In the application section of the thesis study, CRM (FMAQ) and Flight Safety Culture(Cass) surveys were conducted for 413 people with ATPL or CPL licenses to test the hypotheses and the findings were presented. Correlation analysis revealed a significant and positive correlation between CRM and Flight Safety Culture and showed that the increase in CRM perception increased flight safety culture by 64.5%. As a result of regression analysis, the 1 unit increase in CRM perception increased theflight safety culture by 0.694 units. As a result of the research, it was found that CRM positively affects the culture of flight safety.
Markalaşma ve hedef pazar belirleme : Lüksemburg pazarlaması üzerine vaka çalışması
Marka, bir işletmenin ürünlerini başka işletmeninkinden ayırt etme aracı olduğu düşünülerek, küreselleşen dünyada büyük önem taşımaktadır. Günümüzün rekabetçi koşullarında sadece bir isim olmadan öte ürünlere bir kimlik ve kişilik katan, tüketicilerin algıları ile biçimlenen, ürünlerin tercihlerinde tüketicilere öncülük yapan marka, karşımıza bir işletme varlığı şeklinde çıkmaktadır. Markalar, işletmeyle alıcının arasındaki ilişkiyi başlatan, biçimlendiren bir vasıtadır. Markalar, işletmeler için günümüzde ürünlerden bağımsız bir ticari varlık konumuna gelmişlerdir. Bu sebeple girişimcilerle firmalar için markalaşma ve de marka oluşturulma süreçleri artan rekabet ortamında son derece önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, markanın ne olduğu, çeşitleri ve markalaşmanın rekabet ortamında önemi üzerinde durularak, hedef pazarlamacılığı ile ilgili bir vaka çalışması yapılmıştır.
Ekonomik kompleksite ve lojistik performans indeksi: BRICS-T ülkelerinde bir uygulama
Günümüzde küreselleşme ile birlikte uluslararası ticarette artan rekabet ortamı ülkelerin ekonomik gelişimlerine doğrudan etki etmektedir. Özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkeler bu rekabet ortamına uyum sağlayabilmek ve uluslararası platformda yerini alabilmek için bazı reformlar ve ekonomi politikalarında yenilikler yapması gerekir. Bu bağlamda ülkelerin ihracat potansiyelleri her geçen gün daha da önem kazanmaktadır. Ancak şunu da unutmamak gerekir ki artık ülkelerin ihracat hacimlerinin büyüklüğünün önemi azalırken, ihraç ettiği ürünlerin bileşenleri günümüz dünya ekonomisinde daha çok önem arz etmektedir. Yani ülkelerin ne kadar ihraç ettiğinden çok ne ihraç ettiği daha önemlidir. Bu sebeple gelişmekte olan ülkeler gelişmiş ülkelere yakınsayabilmek için bazı üretim ve ekonomi politikalarında yeniliklere ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Ülkelerin kompleks ürün üretimi ile ilişkili üretim potansiyeline ulaşabilmeleri için emek yoğun ürünlerden bilgi, teknoloji ve beceri gerektiren ürünlere yönelmeleri gerekmektedir. Bu konuda yabancı sermaye yatırımı ile bilgi, beceri ve teknoloji transferi gibi süreçleri tamamlayan ülkeler ihracat sepetlerini genişleterek ihracat potansiyellerini arttırmaktadır. Ülkelerin ihracata dayalı bu büyüme potansiyeli birçok farklı indeks ile gösterilebilmektedir. Bu göstergelere lojistik performans indeksi ve ekonomik kompleksite indeksi örnek verilebilir. Bu tez çalışmasında BRICS-T ülkelerinin iki ürün grubu için ticaret ağları oluşturulmuş ve birbirleri ile olan ilişkileri görselleştirilerek lojistik performans indeksi ve ekonomik kompleksite indeksi kapsamında Ucinet sosyal ağ analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan ürün grupları ekonomik kompleksite düzeyi en yüksek olan ülkelerin ihraç ettiği ürün grupları incelenerek ilk beşte bulanan ortak ürün grupları seçilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda en merkezi ülke Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti olduğu, diğer ülkelerin merkez ülke etrafında konumlandığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın bir diğer amacı olan ticaret ağının en önemli aktörleri Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti ve Hindistan olarak tespit edilmiştir.
Osmanlı ordusunun lojistik sistemi: 16 ve 19'uncu yüzyıllar ağırlıklı bir inceleme
Bu çalışma Osmanlı Ordusunun lojistik organizasyonunu, bu organizasyonun performansını ve dönemler arasında lojistik organizasyonunun gelişimi ve değişimi konularını kapsamaktadır. Birincil kaynaklar olan T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü'ne bağlı Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı, Topkapı Sarayı Arşivi ile Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt ve Denetleme Başkanlığı Arşivi'nden elde edilen veriler ve belgeler ışığında, Osmanlı Ordusunun kuruluşundan itibaren lojistik faaliyetlerinin gelişimi ile içinde bulunulan çağın gereklerine uyumu bakımından geçirdiği değişimler ele alınmıştır. Üç bölümde hazırlanan tezde; birinci bölümde, Lojistik kavramı, Askeri Lojistik ve Lojistiğin Prensipleri incelenmiştir.Bu sayede, Osmanlı Ordusu'nun döneminin en iyi lojistik organizasyona sahip olmasının altında yatan unsurlara Lojistik Bilimi açısından ışık tutulmuştur. İkinci bölümde, arşiv belgelerinde yer alan hükümlerde bahsedilen kavramların ve bu kapsamda kurulmuş olan lojistik organizasyonun daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi maksadıyla Osmanlı Devleti'nin genel hatlarıyla idari yapısı, ordunun asker ve gıda lojistik kaynağı olan toprak sistemi ve ordunun teşkilatlanmasından bahsedilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, geçmişten günümüze kadar değişmeden gelen ikmal maddeleri sınıflandırılmış ve sınıflandırılan ikmal maddelerinin temini ve nakli ile sefer öncesi, esnası ve sonrasında yapılan diğer tüm lojistik faaliyetler arşiv belgeleri ışığında incelenerek Osmanlı Ordusunun Lojistik Sistemi ortaya konmuş ve bu sistemin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi maksadıyla çeşitli dönemlerde yapılan seferlerdeki lojistik organizasyon anlatılmıştır.
The influence of One Belt One Road project on supply chain management in the context of BTK railway line
In the context of supply chain, the two goals of the belt and road project stands out, such as ensuring barrier free trade and increasing the connectivity. Turkey, situated in the middle corridor of the project, is aiming to become a logistic hub by using its important location. Turkey is very eager to act as a bridge between Europe and Asia and it is among the first countries that expressed positive perspective toward the project. In this regard, Turkey has completed various infrastructure projects like Baku-Tbilisi Railway, Marmaray and Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge for OBOR. These projects created new logistic connection modes by providing logistics integration. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic forced organizations to consider different routes in logistics. In this study, influence of OBOR project in context of BTK railway line has been searched and studied. As a result of this study, it has been understood that BTK opened new and alternative transportation routes, affecting transportation cost positively. It also provides a price advantage to Turkish exporters and importers.
A panel data analysis on the effects of trade facilitation and trading across borders rankings on macroeconomic variables
Efforts to reduce or remove tariff and non-tariff barriers, facilitating trade and reducing costs in foreign trade, gained momentum with the liberalization of trade in the world. Trade Facilitation is important agenda of the World Trade Organization. Trade facilitation aims to harmonize basic rules among countries to increase efficiency, transparency, and predictability. The studies conducted by the WTO (World Trade Organization) present results for the economic benefit. This study aims to analyze the relationship between trade facilitation and macroeconomic indicators for 63 countries in the period 2007 - 2019 with panel data analysis. Panel regression and panel causality test confirm the significant linkage between trade facilitation and macroeconomic variables.
A research on the perception of service quality of intercity passenger transport: The example of black sea region
Highway passenger transportation sector stands out as a growing passenger transport sector in Turkey. Transport companies have to take into account the expectations of customers in order to survive and advance in this sector. For this reason, the measurement of the perceived and expected service quality of the customers is becoming important. In this study, a survey will be carried out on the service quality of highway intercity passenger transportation within the city of Tokat. It is explained why customer satisfaction and perception are very important for service providers, in highway passenger transportation which is one of the important sectors in our country. In this context, it has been understood that it is necessary to measure perceived and expected service quality of the customers. With this data, it will be possible to make improvements and improvements to the preferences of the customers. In this study it is examined the quality of the services primarily offered by the highway passenger transport sector, which is among the important sectors of our country in terms of both the economic magnitude and the employment it provides. For this aim the highway transportation literature is surveyed and according to literature using SERVQUAL scale one questionnaire is implemented to 400 people in Tokat. Then the collected data is analyzed with SPSS 24.0. According to test results age, monthly income and the travel purpose effects the highway transportation service quality perception of the passengers. In addition to this Service Quality Scale (SERVQUAL) is tested and found reliable and valid for highway passenger transport sector in Turkey.
Additional customs duty and non-tariff barriers in the international trade and their effects on Turkish foreign trade
Countries, being a part of international trade, try to increase their trade volumes through free trade agreements and customs unions, and they tend to reduce imports by using protectionist tools, especially in the last period. In world trade, along with the tariff measures mainly defined as the reduction of customs taxes, non-tariff measures such as anti-dumping practices, quotas, surveillance practices, technical standards are used to reduce imports. Turkey, whose foreign trade volume has increased since the 1980s, is among the countries that use these protectionist tools effectively. In addition to the non-tariff barriers, Turkey has started to apply Additional Customs Duty on the import of many different products as of 2011. This study tries to comprehend the effect of anti-dumping and Additional Customs Duty applied in Turkey by examining the process of global trade liberalisation and non-tariff measures in foreign trade. According to the analysis made using the data of the Turkish Statistical Institute and the Ministry of Trade, it has been found that anti-dumping measures have a more restrictive effect on imports than the Additional Customs Duty practices. In addition, the statistical data on the application of Additional Customs Duty show that the purpose of creating treasury income in the tax application stands out more than reducing imports.
The importance of e- commerce and logistics and market share in the process of globalization and impact on SMEs
E-commerce, which has a very important place today, is developing with the effect of globalization. It has come to the potential to enable companies with low shares to gain momentum suddenly. However, globalization has made e-commerce activities even more complex and has included elements that can make a difference in the value chain. The most prominent of these is logistics activities. It has been the logistics activities that ensure the good functioning of e-commerce and provide competitive power to the company.In this case, SMEs, which already have a small market share, should not lag the innovations brought by globalization to make their share from e-commerce sustainable
Endüstri içi ticaret üzerine üç makale
This thesis analyzes how trade within industries corresponds with other economic indicators and its implications in the light of three different theoretical backgrounds and to conduct a deeper empirical study on this issue. In the thesis, firstly, the Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis has been studied to show the effects of trade inside an industry on the environment. We studied with 23 OECD countries from 1970 to 2019. The environmental impact of trade in the same industry is studied with income, energy use, government expenditures as well as expanded trade by long-run estimators. The study worked with mean group (MG), pooled mean group (PMG), common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG), and cross-sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) estimators. According to the countryspecific CS-ARDL estimator, significant findings were found only in 6 countries and according to the PMG estimator for the panel, a U-shaped relationship was found. The study's most significant finding was that trading within an industry can slow down pollution. Throughout the second study, to reveal the terrorism-trade relationship through empirical studies, we ran a one-way gravity model with Turkey's 71 most exporting trading partners. We used information and communication technology (ICT) service exports per capita as a proxy variable for inter-industry trade in our model. We also used GDP and manufacturing industry similarities of the countries to reveal the terrorism-trade relationship. According to our findings, we concluded that Turkey is engaged in inter-industry trade when it comes to ICT service exports. We also found that terrorist incidents in Turkey negatively affect trade, but the occurrence of terrorism in the country of trade does not negatively affect exports. In addition to this, we have shown through econometric analysis that Turkey has intra-industry trade in terms of GDP and manufacturing industry similarities. In the third study, we conducted a sectoral and individual Smooth Adjustment Hypothesis (SAH) analysis using two different datasets. The research depends on the concept that employees who experience intra-industry trade will shift positions within the same sector and relocate to a new industry in the absence of it. To analyze this concept throughout 90 sectors, we used the system-generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator. Our findings helped us understand that trade within industries exists in all 90 sectors. The second study, utilizing TURKSTAT survey data, further supported intra-industry trade. The analysis with TURKSAT's survey data displays the effects of factors like inflation, age, marital status, education level, and gender. Keywords: Environmental Kuznets hypothesis, intra-industry trade, gravity model, smooth adjustment hypothesis
Ship investment strategies in fluctant shipping market condition: Turkey's perspective
Maritime transport has become the way of carrying the greatest amount of world trade, which has been the case in recent years. In maritime trade, ports are the most important points that logistics opens up to international routes. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development has developed the "Link to Regular Maritime Route Routes" in order to enhance the contribution of international ports to the development of the country's ports and to measure their links to major global maritime logistics networks in maritime trade. Regression analysis, which is one of the quantitative research methods, was used to measure the relationship between this index and the "Economic Openness Index", which was developed to measure the economic vulnerability of the countries involved in global trade and which was obtained by calculating the total export, import and gross domestic product of countries. Analysis of results in improved maritime and gross domestic revenues of developing countries with a large share of Turkey's economy and examined the positions and strategies for the development of sea trade was aimed to determine. In addition to the general development of the country, it is predicted that maritime trade is one of the factors that will enable trade to be least influenced by the fluctuations in the global crisis and uncertainty period and this study aims to create a one-way model for the development of maritime logistics networks from every direction. Increasing port capacities and developing new logistic services for our students in line with the coastal structure of our country will be a bridge to provide a competitive advantage for our country in international global markets. In the near future, logistical networks, maritime and port development issues will be a requirement for the protection of our country's level of economic stability and prosperity in times of global crisis. Global success in this regard will be possible with a global strategy.
Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri'nin uluslararası elektrik enerjisi talebine uygulanması: Delphi tekniğiyle Avrupa-Türkiye karşılaştırması
Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS), coğrafi ve coğrafi olmayan verileri bir araya getiren, bu verilerin planlı bir şekilde toplanıp, yönetilip, yorumlanmasını sağlayan bir sistemler bütünüdür (Meaden ve Aguilar-Manjarrez, 2013;8-9). CBS, birçok alanda kullanılmaktadır. Bunlar; haritacılık, lojistik, elektrik dağıtım şebeke yönetimi, sağlık, afet yönetimi, vb. alanlarıdır. Enerji kaynakları kullanışlarına göre, yenilenebilir ve yenilenemeyen enerji kaynakları; dönüştürülebilirliklerine göre ise birincil ve ikincil enerji kaynakları olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada elektrik enerjisinin üretimi ve taleplerine CBS'nin etkileri Delphi tekniği kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Delphi tekniği, seçilmiş uzman bir grubun rasyonel bir yaklaşımla ortak görüşlerinin alınması sürecidir. Bu çalışmanın ilk turunda uzmanlara konuyla ilgili hazırlanmış açık uçlu sorular gönderilerek görüşleri alınmıştır. Yeterlilik alanları için hazırlanan 15 soru Türkiye ve Yurtdışında 'CBS ve Elektrik Enerjisi' ile ilgili çalışmaları olan akademisyenlere ve enerji sektöründe faaliyet gösteren firmalarda çalışan uzmanlara gönderilmiştir. İlk turda 9 kişiden cevap alınabilmiştir. İlk turda verilen cevaplar doğrultusunda 2. tur için anket soruları hazırlanmıştır. İkinci turdaki anket likert ölçeği ile değerlendirilmiştir İkinci tur Delphi anketi toplam 15 yeterlilik alanı ve 222 yeterlilik kriterlerinden oluşmuş ve toplam 8 kişiden geri dönüş alınabilmiştir. Türkiye'de yapılan ikinci tur Delphi anketinin sonucunda 167 tane yeterlilik kriterinde görüş birliği sağlanırken, Avrupa'ya uygulanan anketin sonucunda 156 tane yeterlilik kriterinde görüş birliği sağlanmıştır. Buna göre 3.tura gidilmesine gerek görülmemiştir. Araştırma kapsamında elde edilen bulgular ise SPSS programı ile analiz edilerek bulunmuştur. Araştırmanın sonuçları doğrultusunda Türkiye ve Avrupa'nın elektrik enerjisi üretiminde ve talebinde CBS'nin etkileri ortaya çıkarılmış ve bu alanda yapılacak daha sonraki araştırmalar için bir model oluşturulup isteyen araştırmacılara uygulanabilir bir içerik sunarak, mevcut durum ortaya konulmuştur.
E-pazaryerlerinde sipariş alma ve sipariş tamamlama kalite algısı ile tüketici şikâyet davranışı ve değiştirme niyeti ilişkisi: Bir karma yöntem araştırması
Gelişen bilişim teknolojileri, günümüzün yoğun iş ve yaşam temposunda verimli kullanılması gereken en önemli kaynaklardan biri olan zamanın artan önemi, e-ticaretin tüketiciler tarafından her geçen gün daha fazla tercih edilen bir alışveriş kanalı haline gelmesini sağlamıştır. Bu alışveriş kanalında müşterilerin ürün satın almaya karar verdiği andan, ürünü teslim almasına kadar olan ve e-tamamlama olarak adlandırılan süreç ile satın aldığı mal ya da hizmete ilişkin algılarının ve bu algıları sonucunda geliştirdikleri davranış ve oluşan niyetlerinin ortaya çıkarılması önem arz etmektedir. Bu kapsamda bu araştırmada e-pazaryerlerinde, e-iş kalitesi ile ürün kalitesinden oluşan sipariş alma ve fiziksel dağıtım hizmet kalitesi ile iade kolaylığından oluşan sipariş tamamlama süreçlerinin tüketici şikâyet davranışına ve değiştirme niyetine etkisi incelenmiştir. Karma olarak tasarlanan araştırmanın nicel kısmında 423 e-ticaret müşterisi ile çevrim içi anket çalışması yürütülmüştür. Nitel kısımda ise e-ticaret müşterisi olan ve araştırmanın anketini dolduran 20 katılımcı ile derinlemesine görüşme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Nicel kısımda doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri, nitel kısımda ise içerik analizi ile betimsel analiz yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, sipariş alma sürecinde e-iş kalitesi ve ürün kalitesinin bireysel ve kamusal şikâyet eylemi ile değiştirme niyetini olumsuz etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Sipariş tamamlama sürecinde zamanlama ve iade kolaylığının bireysel ve kamusal şikâyet eylemi ile değiştirme niyetini olumsuz etkilediği, hazır bulundurmanın bireysel ve kamusal şikâyet eylemini etkilemediği ancak değiştirme niyetini etkilediği saptanmıştır. Ayrıca araştırma sonuçlarına göre bireysel şikâyet eylemi değiştirme niyetini olumlu yönde etkilemekte iken, kamusal şikâyet eylemi değiştirme niyetini etkilememektedir. Derinlemesine görüşme sonuçlarından da nicel bulguları destekler nitelikte, ancak daha ayrıntılı bilgiler edinilmiştir.