Theses supervised by Doç. Dr. Aytaç Gökmen
12 theses · Çankaya University
The impact of financial and moral incentives on performance of employees organization
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the Impact of Financial and Moral Incentives on Performance of Employees Organization, To analyze the impact of financial and moral incentives on employee performance in organizations experimentally, this chapter outlines the study's methodology, using a quantitative experimental method based on data collected through questionnaires. Numerical analysis is utilized, and tables and figures are used to present the results. The distribution of participants by gender is presented, with data obtained from a sample of 280 participants. Among them, 104 were identified as female, and 176 as male. The researcher relied on the Independent Samples T-Test to identify the differences between the categories regarding the gender dimension towards the study variables. The results of the analysis in indicate that the calculated t value for the first axis, which was (0.214) and based on the means of the arithmetic averages which were (40.96) for males and (39.63) for females, shows that there are no statistical differences between the viewpoints of the study sample regarding the first axis according to the gender dimension differences among the individuals in the sample. This can be confirmed by the calculated significance level value which was (0.176), higher than the default significance level for the study, which is (1%). The researcher highlighted some findings, and among the most important results: technology plays a dynamic role in employable economic growth at present. where measurable outcomes are closely linked to revenues and customer satisfaction, financial incentives such as bonuses, profit-sharing, and performance-based wages have been shown to significantly enhance employee motivation and productivity.
Türkiye ve dünyada yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanım alanlarının karşılaştırılması
Üretim sürecinin temel girdisi olan enerjiye olan talebin belirgin artışları ve artan talebin yaygın olarak fosil yakıtlar aracılığıyla karşılanması, çevre üzerinde yarattığı baskılar nedeniyle küresel alanda en çok tartışılan konulardan biri haline gelmiştir. Çevresel baskının ortadan kaldırılması için yeşil büyüme ya da büyümeme gibi çözümler ortaya atılırken, bir diğer alternatif de yenilenebilir kaynakların enerji kullanımındaki payının artırılması olmuştur. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarıyla çevreye zarar vermeden üretilen ve tüketilen temiz enerji, sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve sürdürülebilir büyümenin temel bileşenlerinden biridir. Her ülkede mevcut olan yenilenebilir kaynaklar; sınırlı ve ithal olan fosil kaynaklara bağımlılığı azaltarak enerjiden kaynaklı cari açığı düşürebilmekte, dış enerji kaynakları yerine ülkenin kendi yerel enerji kaynaklarına yapılan finansman aktarımı ile hem yeni istihdam alanları yaratarak büyümeyi ve kalkınmayı desteklemekte hem de enerji üretiminde maliyeti giderek düşürebilmektedir. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının etkin biçimdekullanılması bütün dünya ülkelerinde olduğu gibi ülkemiz açısından da büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmayla birlikte Türkiye ve dünyada yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanım alanlarının karşılaştırılması amaçlanmış bu doğrultuda konu kapsamında öncelikle literatür taraması yapılmış ardından da ülkemiz ve dünya ülkelerinde yenilenebilir enerji kullanım alanları yine meydana getirilen çalışmalardan ulaşılan veriler ile birlikte karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda dünya üzerindeki en üst seviye yenilenebilir enerji kullanımının Afrika'da olduğu görülmektedir. En düşük oransa fosil yakıtların merkez olarak nitelendirilen Orta Doğu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Çin, OECD ülkeleri ve Türkiye'ninse yenilenebilir enerjileri kullanmasında Dünya ortalamasına yaklaştığı görülmektedir. Yani ülkemizin yenilenebilir enerji faaliyetlerine gelişmiş olan ülkelere oranla geç başladığı düşünüldüğü zaman bu alanda geri kalmış olduğu ortadadır. Fakat son senelerdeki gelişme ve ilerlemeler gör önünde bulundurularak dünya ortalamasına yaklaştığı görülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yenilenebilir enerji, OECD ülkeleri, Fosil yakıtlar.
International trade & its correlation to economic growth
This study delves into the intricate relationship between international trade and economic growth within the context of the global business environment. It scrutinizes the dynamics of economic integration, the diverse economic systems across nations, and the various factors driving globalization. The study evaluates the motives for companies to engage in international business, encompassing sales expansion, resource acquisition, and risk reduction. Encompassing interventionist and free trade theories. It evaluates trade protectionism and its rationales, both economic and non-economic, and analyzes instruments of trade control such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers. The diverse modes of trading internationally, including exporting and importing, are examined along with their advantages and disadvantages. Challenges and pitfalls of international trade, ranging from financial risks to government regulations, are thoroughly assessed.
Public private partnership and public private partnership project finance modelling
It has been quite a long time that the governments have suffered from shortage of funds in the attempts of investing infrastructure projects in different industries including health, transportation, urban development, and water supply. Until very recently privatization emerged as a solution in respect of relieves from financial burdens of government. Similarly, Engineering Procurement Construction Financing (EPCF) model contributed a great deal of support to funding large scale infrastructure projects. However, all these models were not sufficient to save the governments either to undertake debts on their treasury or to face huge amounts of recourse losses. Public Private Partnership which is extraordinarily flexible, very versatile and enforcing the strong sides of private sector and public authority, has been carried into effect over the past few decades. PPP used in the recent years in Turkey for realization of city hospitals, airports, bridges and other infrastructure projects, emerged in 1980 in UK then spread over the world is a kind of partnership between the private and public sectors where private sector undertake financial risks and public sector undertake to supply public services in long term investment projects. As seen from the definition, the most distinctive factor of public private partnership is that the risks and funding of the large scale social and economic projects put in service by public sector and need high budget, are in the responsibility of private sector. Public Private Partnership accommodates many sub-models in its entirity. Build-Operate-Transfer, Build-Lease, Design-Build-Finance-Operate, Build-Own-Operate models can be given as examples. But, it should be noted that the only restriction in Public Private Partnership about how to share liabilities and how to establish benefit-cost relations, simply depends on the creativity of the sides. The projects which are realized with PPP provide lots of advantages in terms of both public and private. The most important one of these advantages is that public sector produce services with better quality, well equipped and in a faster way due to the budget flexibility, management skills, dynamism, creativity and technology that the private sector provide to public. In addition, economic growth is achieved as a result of the services provided by the welfare of the society. On the other hand, private sector becomes able to maximize its profit as serving for a common purpose with the public and thus he gets the chance to prove himself at home and abroad by his name and well-being. During the stage that the project comes into life, PPP Financial Modelling is a source for evaluation of the project in terms of feasibility and investment profitability depending upon the assessment of numerical data resulted from the studies of financial capacity, budget, credibility, cash flow (from project and equity), balance sheet and other technical data. In financial modelling, the expectation is that the depth coverage ratio and the internal rate of return of the investment should remain at the level above the banks would accept. In case that these criteria are fulfilled simultaneously, the investment can be entitled as "feasible" for both public and private sides. The aim of this study is to explain what the Public Private Partnership is, in which areas it is used and demonstrate profit analysis of the PPP in terms of both public and private sector through the Build-Operate-Transfer model and the methodology of public private partnership project financing model adapted to the nickel mine operation. In this thesis, a thorough understanding of Public Private Partnership concept is given taking into consideration of all application aspects and cases faced in application in order to achieve a study to contribute to those who are indulged in Public Private Partnership by some reasons. Key Words: Public Private Partnership, Public Private Partnership Project Finance Modelling
The effect of foreign direct investment inflows on the economic performance in Somalia
Somalia is promoting herself as a viable investment destination in Sub Saharan Africa. Despite the long period of instability and conflicts, businesses are booming in Somalia today. Recently, Somalia woke up to join the rest of the world to start attracting FDI as one of the routes to economic progress. The need to rebuild the economy is pushing Somalia to find development capital which is the driving force behind the push for FDI inflows to Somalia. The present study has examined the concept of international business and it investigated the effect of inward FDI to Somalia's economic growth and development. Empirical evidence indicates that FDI has both a short run and long run positive effect on economic growth in Somalia. It is therefore recommended that inward FDI should be further encouraged into Somalia, by providing incentives to the investors, since it has economic and social value for the country. Other factors that were part of the study model, included exports, domestic investment, labor and inflation. Except for Inflation, all other factors turned to have a positive effect on economic growth in Somalia. Hence, it is equally recommended that Somalia should improve the environment of those factors.
Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve dış ticaret ilişkisi: BRICS-T ülkeleri örneği
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ile dış ticaret arasında nedensel bir ilişkinin varlığını BRICS ve Türkiye ülkeleri özelinde ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla BRICS ve Türkiye ülkeleri için 2005-2017 yıllarını kapsayan dönemde doğrudan yabancı yatırım giriş ve çıkış verileri ile ihracat ve ithalat verileri basit doğrusal regresyon yöntemi ile modellenmiştir. Çalışmada sabit tek bir bulgudan ziyade birçok farklı bulguya rastlanılmıştır.
Ankara ilinde çalışan eczacıların ilaç temininde yaşanan sorunlar konusunda görüşleri: Anket çalışması
Yirmi milyar Türk Lirasından fazla yıllık satış hacmi ile dünyadaki 16. büyük ilaç pazarı olan Türkiye'de, ilaç sektörü hızla büyümektedir. Ülkemiz açısından büyük bir pazara sahip olan ilaç sektörünün her yönü ile iyi yönetilmesi gerekir. Bu anket çalışmasında, Ankara genelinde eczanelerde serbest çalışan toplam 73 eczacının ve farklı ecza depolarında çalışan toplam 5 eczacının ilaç teminde yaşanan problemler ile ilgili görüşlerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlandı. Hem serbest hem de ecza deposunda çalışan eczacılar yurt dışından temin edilen ilaçlar ile ilgili problemler yaşanabildiği konusunda hem fikir olmasına rağmen, reçeteli ilaç temini konusundaki tespitleri farklılık gösterdi. Eczanede çalışan serbest eczacıların % 67.1'i reçeteli ilaç, %30.1'i yurt dışından getirilen ilaç temininde; ecza deposunda çalışan eczacıların ise %100'ü sadece yurt dışından getirilen ilaçların temininde sorunlar yaşandığını bildirdi. Eczanede çalışan eczacıların büyük çoğunluğu (%80) reçeteli ilaç temininde sorun yaşama sıklığını 'bazen' şeklinde tanımladı ve %76.7 oranında ilacın depoda bulunmaması, %23.3 oranında firma tarafından piyasadan kaldırılması, ilaç temin edilememe nedeni olarak belirtildi. Ecza deposunda çalışan eczacılar ise, firma ile ecza deposunun anlaşmasının bitmesini %40 oranında, muadil ilacın bulunmamasını ise %60 oranında ilaç temin edilememe nedeni olarak görmekteydi. İlaçların takip edilmesi ve bilgi verilmesi ile ilgili hasta talebinin çok olduğunu belirten eczacıların oranı %37, az olduğunu belirten eczacıların oranı %37, hiç olmadığını belirten eczacıların oranı ise %26 idi. Ancak uzun süredir, zor temin edilen ilaçları özel olarak izleyen ve bu konuda hastalarını bilgilendiren eczacıların oranı %31.5, bu izlemi yapmaya yeni başlayanların oranı ise %5.5 olarak saptandı. Bu çalışmada ilacın hastaya ulaşımı ile ilgili temel problemin, yurt dışından temin edilen ve nadir hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılan yetim ilaçlar ile ilgili olduğu görüldü. Ülkemizde 5-6 milyon kişide nadir bir hastalığın görüldüğü göz önüne alındığında, yetim ilaç temininin ülkemiz açısından önemli bir sağlık sorunu olduğu söylenebilir. Türkiye ilaç endüstrisi neredeyse bütün ilaçları üretebilecek teknolojiye sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, ilaç konusunda ithalatçı durumda olup, ihtiyacın sadece %43'ü yerli üretim ile karşılanmaktadır. İlaç üretiminde kullanılan hammaddelerin de yaklaşık % 80'i ithal edilmektedir. Ülkemizdeki ilaç sanayinin geliştirilmesi ve desteklenmesi ile ilgili eylemler, orta ve uzun vadede problemin çözülmesinde veya azaltılmasında etkili olacaktır. Ayrıca yerli ilaç üretiminin artması, döviz kurundaki dalgalanmaların etkisini azaltarak, reçeteli ilaç teminini de kolaylaştıracaktır. Eczacıların özel bir takip sistemi ile hastaların ilaçlarını ve stok durumlarını takip etmeleri ve hastaları bilgilendirmeleri ise, kısa vadede etkili olabilecek bir çözüm gibi görünmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İlaç lojistiği, eczacı, ecza deposu, yetim ilaç
The impact of foreign direct investment on Ghana's economic growth
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on economic growth has appeared to be a topic for discussion among researchers, academicians and policy makers. The Significance of this trend has gained much recognition as a result of the growing process of globalization and indispensable role of Multinational Corporation towards its attainment. Ghana, in the post-independence era experienced a decline and upward growth of economic growth as a result of inflows of FDI in the country. This study empirically investigated the impact and pattern of FDI on the economy of Ghana. Using time series data spanning from 1987 to 2017, Autoregressive Distributed Lagged model (ARDL) is employed for the study also Cointegration test, Error (ECM) Correction Model, the classical Granger Causality and Stability test were carried out through use of variables such as Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, Government Expenditure, Inflation and Gross Domestic Savings. The study found that there is a significant positive impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Government consumption expenditure on economic growth in both short and long run. The study further shows that, Gross Domestic savings significantly impacts negatively on economic growth in the long run while it significantly impacts pensively in the short run. Inflation was found to significantly impacts negatively on economic growth in the long run while it has insignificant impact in the short run. The results finally show that there is unidirectional causality between FDI and economic growth. That is FDI granger causes economic growth in Ghana. Given that the study revealed significant and positive impact of FDI on economic growth of Ghana, policies that seek to attract FDI inflow into the country should be looked at to further boost economic growth of Ghana.
The impact of agricultural sector on the development of Turkish economy
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the policies which were pursued in Turkish agricultural sector and explore the ways to maximize its export potential. Firstly, a research has been conducted about why agricultural domain has slowed down in Turkey. Then, an analysis has been conducted in the next chapter concerning recovery of the agriculture. This thesis has been written by collating 107 articles and 20 official sources throughout 10 months. Agriculture is really a crucial sector for almost each nation in the world for it contributes to their economic growth. Particularly, agriculture is a segment which economically takes on a crucial role on the expansion and growth of Turkey. Turkey is a fecund country in terms of agricultural activities. It is more dominant than a lot of other nations in this domain due to fertility of her agricultural lands. It is one of the foremost countries that could take advantage of this sector to generate huge benefits from international trade activities. It has plenty of opportunities to boost its exports in the agricultural sector. However, Turkey has undergone a vast recession in the agricultural sphere in recent years due to wrong agricultural policies. It has begun to import these products from abroad instead of exporting them. Especially, fundamental agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and pesticides have started to be imported from abroad. These policies have adversely affected the trade balance, gross domestic product (GDP) and consumer price index. Although Turkey has made progress in some segments of the agriculture, it hasn't been able to achieve an overall growth. This inefficieny increases current deficit in the agricultural sector. As a result, Turkey urgently needs radical changes and reforms to make agricultural sector more profitable again and minimize its trade deficit. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry needs to decide what is to be planned and amount of subsidy that will be given to farmers one year in advance. Findings have denoted that 8,18% of GDP affected import and export amounts of agricultural products toward development of Turkish economy as part of empirical study in my dissertation. In addition, modern and organic agricultural practices should be carried out in order to contribute to revitalization of the agrarian sphere. Keywords: Agriculture, Agricultural Segment, Turkey, Economy, Reform, Agricultural Policy
Elektronik ticaret ve Irak'a etkisi
E-commerce is reshaping market access and consumer behavior worldwide, yet its diffusion in Iraq remains uneven. This thesis examines the current landscape and near-term potential of electronic trade in Iraq through a cross-sectional, descriptive–analytical survey of adult residents. A structured, self-administered questionnaire captured demographics, shopping frequency, preferred product categories and platforms, payment methods, decision drivers, perceived barriers, expectations for sector growth, and views on public investment. The instrument was organized in five sections aligned to the study objectives, and the analytic sample comprised 88 valid responses. Findings portray a young, relatively well-educated consumer base (57.6% male; largest age bands 18–24, 25–34, 35–44; bachelor's degree ≈41%) with incomes concentrated between USD 500–2,000. Online purchasing is present but not yet habitual: most respondents buy "occasionally" or "rarely," while roughly 30% buy at least monthly. Discovery and transactions cluster around social media and Trendyol; Amazon and local Iraqi sites form a secondary tier. Cash on delivery (COD) remains the dominant payment method, with cards and mobile wallets used by a minority. Price and discounts are the primary decision lever, followed by product variety; the main frictions are low product v quality, high delivery costs, long delivery times, and seller trust. A strong majority expects e-commerce to expand significantly in the next six years and supports greater government investment in digital infrastructure. The study concludes that accelerating reliable logistics, strengthening quality assurance and consumer protection, and de-risking the transition from COD to digital payments are likely to yield the largest behavioral shifts. Practical recommendations are outlined for platforms, logistics providers, financial institutions, and policymakers to lower transaction frictions and build durable trust.
The trade volume between Turkey and Iraq and potential reflection on economics
Introduction: Over the last decade, economic exchanges between Iraq and Turkey have been analyzed with attention to the trends and patterns of trade, their impact on the economies of both countries, and the major drivers and barriers to trade. These are the research questions that will guide the study: identify trade trends, economic impacts, and factors affecting trade between the two countries. Methods: To address these questions, the study reviewed available data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and Eurostat. Historical trade data, including exports and imports of goods and services, balance of payments, foreign direct investment, and gross domestic product, were collected and analyzed. Empirical analyses were conducted using a fixed-effects panel regression model to examine the relationships between inflation rates, political stability, and GDP. More specific details came from the US Census Bureau, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and International Trade Center. Also reported on were publications by the Iraqi and Turkish governments, as well as international organizations, describing the economic context and policies. Results: The analysis showed different economic profiles for Iraq and Turkey. Its economy is considerably larger and more stable with a more diverse trade portfolio. The smaller and more volatile Iraqi economy is heavily dependent on the oil sector. iv GDP growth rates of both countries differ somewhat, with Turkey's economy being more resilient and consistent. Inflation has been more volatile in Turkey while Iraqi inflation has been relatively stable in recent years. Fiscal performance indicates that Turkey has remained on a more sustainable fiscal trajectory with smaller deficits than in Iraq's more volatile fiscal history. According to empirical analysis, political stability has a large negative impact on GDP, and inflation has a small negative interaction on GDP, indicating that, apart from institutional resilience, Iraq and Turkey are asymmetrically exposed to economic risks due to differences in institutional resilience. Fuels and mining products drive Iraq's trade, whereas machinery and transport equipment have grown in Turkey. Conclusion: Findings reveal widening economic gaps and changing trade dynamics between Iraq and Turkey. Although Turkey has a more balanced and stable economy, Iraq's economy is more heavily reliant on one sector and therefore more volatile. Key trade drivers are political stability, economic policies, and location. The study concludes that both countries have room for cooperation and growth potential, particularly in diversified trade portfolios and in addressing fiscal and inflationary challenges.
Musul Belediyesi'nde insan kaynakları yönetimi: İş tatmini ve örgütsel bağlılık arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
Bu çalışma, Musul Belediyesi'nde görev yapan personelin iş tatmini düzeyleri ile örgütsel bağlılık arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Araştırma kapsamında toplam 104 katılımcının demografik bilgileri, iş tatmini, örgütsel bağlılık ve ilgili faktörlere dair veriler toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler istatistiksel analizlere tabi tutularak çeşitli sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, katılımcıların genel iş tatmini düzeyleri ve örgütsel bağlılık düzeyleri ortalama seviyelerdedir. İş tatmini ölçeği maddelerinden en yüksek puan alınan madde, "Görevimi yapmaktan gurur duyuyorum" olurken, en düşük puan alınan madde "İşimde yükselmek için çok az şansım var" olarak belirlenmiştir. Örgütsel bağlılık ölçeği maddelerinden ise en yüksek puan alınan madde "Eğer bu kuruma bu kadar emek vermeseydim, başka bir yerde çalışmayı düşünebilirdim" iken, en düşük puan alınan madde "Belediyede çalışmaya devam etmem konusunda herhangi bir zorunluluk hissetmiyorum" olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma, demografik faktörlerin (cinsiyet, medeni durum, yaş, öğrenim durumu, hizmet süresi ve unvan) iş tatmini ve örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmiştir. Bulgular, bu faktörlerin genel olarak iş tatmini ve örgütsel bağlılık düzeylerini anlamlı bir şekilde etkilemediğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak Musul Belediyesi'nin personelinin iş tatmini ve örgütsel bağlılığını güçlendirmek adına öneriler sunulmuştur. Bu öneriler, iç iletişim stratejileri, kariyer gelişim programları, çalışan katılımı ve geri bildirim süreçleri gibi çeşitli alanlarda etkili stratejiler içermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İnsan kaynakları, iş tatmini, örgütsel bağlılık Muhammet BAŞAR