Theses supervised by Prof. Dr. Ahmet Taşağıl
36 theses · Yeditepe University, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Foundation University
Türk-Rus Savaşlarında Ahıska Kalesinin jeopolitik ve stratejik önemi
Rus baskıları ve zulümleri sonucu vatanlarını bırakarak göç etmek zorunda kalan Ahıskalı Türklerin trajik hikâyesi, siyasi, ekonomik ve kültürel faaliyetleri ve bölgenin jeopolitik önemi hakkında sözlü ve yazılı pek çok çalışma yapılmıştır. Ancak bu çalışmaların bilgi ve kaynaklar bakımından yetersiz oluşu, bu konuda derinlemesine akademik bir çalışma yapmak gerektiği düşüncesini doğurmuştur. Bölgeyle ilgili, Rusya'nın Kafkasya'da uyguladığı yayılma politikası, Ahıska Türklerinin tarihi, zorunlu göçe maruz kalmaları, Ahıskalı Türklerden boşalan yerlere Ermenilerin yerleştirilmesi, Türkiye'nin doğusunda kurulmak istenen "Batı Ermenistan" veya "Türkiye Ermenistan'ı (Turetskaya Armenia)" devleti ve 1944 sürgünün altında yatan sebepler derinlemesine incelenmesi gereken belli başlı konulardır. Coğrafi konumundan dolayı Ermenistan, Gürcistan ve Rusya için her zaman önemini korumuş olan Ahıska Bölgesi, sınıra yakın olması sebebiyle Türkiye için de çok önemlidir. Ahıska Bölgesinde yaşayan Türkler sınırın diğer tarafında kalması hasebiyle her fırsatta anavatan olarak gördükleri Türkiye'ye bağlanmak istemişler ama başarılı olamamışlardır. Bu çalışmada IV. İvan döneminden başlayarak Osmanlı-Rus savaşlarında Ahıska Kalesi'nin jeopolitik ve stratejik önemi, Rusya'nın Kafkasya'daki siyasi faaliyetleri ve Ahıska Bölgesinden yapılan göçlerin sebepleri ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca Rusya'nın Kafkasya'da yaşayan Türk halklarını hâkimiyet altına almak için yaptığı askerî ve siyasi faaliyetler ve izlediği yol değerlendirilmiştir. Kısaca bu çalışmada 1944 yılında gerçekleşen Ahıska Sürgünüyle sonuçlanan Rusya'nın Kafkasya siyasetinin arka planına ışık tutulmaya çalışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kafkasya, Osmanlı-Rus Savaşları, Gürcistan, Ahıska
XI.-XIII. yüzyıllarda Kuzey Kafkasya'da Kuman-Kıpçaklar
Hakimiyetlerinin en parlak dönemlerinde egemen oldukları coğrafyaya Deşt-i Kıpçak ismini vermiş olan Kuman-Kıpçakların, Türk boyları arasında en geniş coğrafyaya yayılan boyların başında geldiği bilinmektedir. Türkistan'dan Macaristan'a, İrtiş Nehri'nden Tuna Nehri'ne, Hindistan'dan Kafkaslar'a kadar uzanan geniş coğrafya içerisinde neredeyse sözü edilen bu coğrafyada kaleme alınmış olan her kaynakta kendilerinden bahsedilen Kuman-Kıpçaklar, tarihsel süreç içerisinde bir devlet kuramamışlardır. Aslında Kuman-Kıpçakların bir devlete sahip olmamaları onların temas ettiği devletlerin içerisinde daha fazla rol oynamalarına vesile olmuştur. Onların Harezmşahlar Devleti, Bizans İmparatorluğu, Delhi Türk Sultanlığı, Macar Krallığı, Gürcistan Krallığı, Derbent Emirliği, Alan Devleti (Alanlar), Memlük Devleti, Altın Orda Devleti gibi farklı bölgelerde hüküm sürmüş olan devletlerde kalıcı izler bıraktığı görülmektedir. Çalışmamız Don Kuman-Kıpçaklarına bağlı bir grup olan Kuzey Kafkasya Kuman-Kıpçaklarının XI. yüzyılın sonlarından XIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar kuzeyde Don nehrinin güneyinden, doğuda Derbent'e, batıda Azak Denizi'nden, güneyde ise Büyük Kafkas Dağları'na kadar olan alandaki hakimiyetleri ve bölgede bırakmış oldukları etkiler üzerinden şekillenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Kuzey Kafkasya Kuman-Kıpçaklarının bölgeye nasıl geldikleri, bölgeye gelmeleri ile sözü edilen bölgede bulunan halklar ile ilişkileri, bu ilişkilerin ne şekilde geliştiği, onların sözü edilen bölgedeki hakimiyet alanları, sınırları ve bölgedeki bakiyeleri gibi önemli konular izah edilmiştir.
Çin kaynaklarına göre Tabgaçların ardılları (Doğu Wei, Batı Wei, Kuzey Qi, Kuzey Zhou, 534-581)
534 yılında Kuzey Wei Hanedanlığı'na (Tabgaçlar) son veren Xianbeiler, kuzey-doğu Çin'de Doğu Wei Hanedanlığı'nı ve 535 yılında ise Çin'in kuzeyinde Batı Wei Hanedanlığı'nı kurdular. Ancak bu hanedanlıklar arasında sürekli devam eden mücadeleler, idari ve askerî yapıdaki tecrübesizlikleri ve taht kavgaları gibi birçok sebeplerden dolayı çok uzun süre varlıklarını sürdüremedi. 550'de Doğu Wei Hanedanlığı yerine Kuzey Qi Hanedanlığı, 557 yılında da Batı Wei Hanedanlığı yerine Kuzey Zhou Hanedanlığı kuruldu. Bu hanedanlıklar 581 yılında Yang Jian tarafından yıkılarak Sui Hanedanlığı tesis edildi. Bu araştırmanın amacı, adı geçen hanedanlıkların yaşadıkları coğrafya, siyasi tarihi, idari, askerî ve iktisadi yapıları, kültürleri ile Göktürklerle ilişkilerinin kronolojik olarak bir bütün halinde incelenmesidir. Nitel bir yaklaşımın tercih edildiği bu araştırma, birincil kaynaklara dayalı özgün bir tarih araştırması şeklinde tasarlandı. Araştırma verileri, doküman incelemesi tekniğinden yararlanılarak Xianbeilerin ilk ortaya çıktıkları dönemler, 534-581 yılları arasındaki siyasi tarihleri ve 581 yılı sonrası durumları hakkında bilgilerin mevcut olduğu çok sayıdaki Çin yıllıkları ile veri çeşitliliğini sağlayan farklı veri kaynakları kullanıldı. İçerik analizi ile çözümlenen verilere dayanarak hanedanlıkların özellikle siyasi tarihi ve kültürleri hakkındaki önemli bilgiler gün yüzüne çıkartılmış oldu.
Socio-cultural influences and interactions of the Khalaj in pre-Islamic Afghanistan
Turks have spread to many parts of the world throughout history. They established states in the regions where they migrated and made their culture recognized. One of the regions where the Turkish presence is known is Afghanistan. Afghanistan, which is strategically important, has hosted many nations. In the region, which has been under the influence of various civilizations, the Khalajs are an important ethnic group and have encountered different cultural, religious, and political interactions throughout history. In this study, the origins, and interactions of the Khalajs in the pre-Islamic period have been analyzed through travelogues and epics accompanied by historical and archaeological sources. In the sources on the Khalajs, we see that they are mentioned in the forms of Khalaj, Kalach Hılci, and Halluh in relation to their names. Especially there are studies on the connection of the name Halluh with Karluks. However, mistakes have been made due to the spelling of the sources. It is seen that the Khalajs also existed in the period when the Turks continued their existence in the 5th– 7th centuries. In our study, it is also aimed at conveying this issue with archaeological data. Considering the geographies and linguistic differences of the Khalajs, the Akhun/Eftalit-Khalaj connection and their ethnic origins are emphasized. The aim of this study is to examine the interactions of the Khalaj with other ethnic groups in the pre-Islamic period and their effects on cultural changes. It aims to understand the structure of Afghanistan's geography and the historical and cultural heritage of the Khalaj. Keywords: Afghanistan, Khalajs, Turks, Akhun, Karluk.
XIII. yüzyıl Türkiye Selçuklularında Türkmenlerin siyasi, askeri ve sosyal durumu
XIII. yüzyıl Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti'nin siyasi, iktisadi ve kültürel açıdan tüm değişim ve gelişimlerine öncülük eden Türkmenleri anlamadan, dönem hakkında doğru değerlendirme yapabilmemiz mümkün değildir. Güçlü ve dirayetli sultanların kontrolünde devletin hizmeti için son derece faydalı olan tebaanın, beceriksiz ve basiretsiz sultan ve idareciler elinde yıkıcı bir taşkın gücü olduğu ile karşılaşılacaktır. XIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında II. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev'in beceriksizliğini ve idari boşluğu gören Türkmenler, Babailer isyanından sonra bir daha asla tam olarak Selçuklu Sarayına itaat etmemiştir. Kösedağ Savaşı ile hem Selçuklu Devleti hem de İlhanlı Devleti yıkılıncaya kadar mücadeleye giren Türkmenler, Anadolu için Beylikler Dönemi olarak adlandırdığımız yeni bir sürecin başlamasını sağlamışlardır. Kültürel anlamda Anadolu'nun Türkleşmesinde çok önemli katkı sunan Türkmenler, Horasan'dan Anadolu'ya geleneklerini taşımışlardır. Moğol baskısı ile gelen göçler arasında yer alan dervişler, şairler, tasavvuf alimleri de onların manevi yönlerini güçlendirerek, Heterodoks inanç içerisinde olan Türkmenler arasında çok etkili olmuştur. Bu dönemde Türkmenler, Anadolu'da Ahilik Teşkilatı ve Bâcıyan-ı Rum olmak üzere iki önemli teşkilatın kurulmasına öncülük etmişlerdir. Anadolu'nun Moğol zulmüne rağmen Türk yurdu haline gelmesine ve gelişmesine önemli katkılar sunmuşlardır.
Turkestan in the accounts of British travellers in the 19th century
The geography of Turkestan is a very large region within the domination of the Turks and later the Mongols from the early stages of history. This region, which is geographically divided into two as Western Turkestan and East Turkestan, has been the battlefield of the great powers of every period, as it has ancient trade routes and ancient cities. Turkestan, which was deprived of a strong political formation in the 19th century, became a center of attraction in the developing world by preserving its mystery, and its strategic importance in the colonial race of the great powers began to increase over time. Its importance for both powerful states increased, especially in Britain's plan to prevent the Russians from invading India by land, and in Russia's expansionist policy. In the 19th century, Britain sent many spies for reconnaissance and intelligence to Turkestan, which became the battlefield of these two states and the chessboard of this struggle called the Great Game. This study examines slavery, trade and the social and daily lives of the people living here in Turkestan, where there were insular khanates that were not well known until then, through the eyes of the works of these British travelers, mostly of military origin, who went to different parts of Turkestan for different purposes in the 19th century.
Ming-Moğol ilişkileri (14. yüzyılın ortasından 17. yüzyılın ortasına kadar)
Çalışmamızın ana konusu 1368-1644 yılları arasında Ming Hanedanlığı ile Moğolistan'daki otoriteler arasındaki askeri, siyasi, kültürel ve ticari ilişkilerdir. Ming ve Mançu imparatorluğu döneminde yazılan Çince kaynak eserlerle 17.yüzyıl sonrası kaleme alınan Moğolca kronikler ışığında ana hatlarıyla açıklamaya çalıştığımız söz konusu ilişki Türkiye'de yapılan ilk doktora çalışmasıdır. Çalışmamız üç ana bölümden ve bir girişten oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde önce araştırma yöntemimiz detaylıca açıklanmış olup çalışmamızın ana kaynakları, kaynakların nitel ve nicel özellikleri, çalışma konumuzun kapsama alanı, zamansal ve mekânsal sınırlamaları hakkında bilgi verildikten sonra toplam 40 adet Çince, dokuz adet Moğolca eserin tanıtımı yapıldı, en son araştırma konumuzla alakalı dünya çapında yapılan araştırma eserlerine değinildi. Çalışmamızın Birinci bölümünde Yuan Hanedanlığının son dönemlerinde başlayan isyanlar ve Ming Hanedanlığının kuruluş süreci, Moğolların Çin'den çekilmesinin ardından Ming ordusunun Moğolistan'a yönelik yaptığı askeri seferler ve Yuan Hanedanlığının bakiyesi olarak gördükleri askeri varlıklara karşı yaptığı mücadeleler anlatıldıktan sonra Ming Hanedanlığının dış ilişkilerinden kullandığı kuramlar, kurallar ve kurallar açıklanmaya çalışıldı. İkinci bölümün konusu Ming Hanedanlığının yükseliş döneminde Moğollarla kurduğu ilişkiler olup imparator Zhu Di döneminde Moğolistan'a yapılan askeri seferler, Tu Mu muharebesi ve Esen'in Pekin kuşatması gibi Ming-Oyrat savaşları, ticari ve siyasi ilişkileri açıklanmaya çalışıldı. Üçüncü bölüm ise Ming Hanedanlığının duraklama ve gerileme dönemindeki ilişkiler olup bu bölümün ana konusu Oyratların dağılış süreciyle beraber Cengiz Han soyundan gelen Moğol hanlarının yeniden otoriteyi ele alması, Moğolların İM bölgesine yeniden yerleşme süreci, Altan'ın Pekin kuşatması, Ming-Moğol barış anlaşması ve bu çerçevede açılan sınır pazarları, ilişkinin son evresi olarak Ming Hanedanlığının son dönemlerinde Sol Kanat Tümen Moğollarıyla arasında gerçekleşen ilişkiler açıklanmaya çalışıldı.
İmparator Diocletianus'un hayatı ve reformları
Bu tez, Roma İmparatoru Diocletianus'un reformlarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ancak, Diocletianus'un reformlarını anlamadan önce, onu iktidara getiren tarihsel süreci değerlendirmek gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda, "Askeri Anarşi" olarak bilinen ve 49 yıl süren dönem ele alınacaktır. Bu dönemde, 32 İmparator adayı başa geçmeye çalışmış, ancak ikisi hariç tümü kanlı bir şekilde öldürülerek bu yarıştan çekilmiştir. Ardından, Roma İmparatorluğu'nun en önemli imparatorlarından biri olarak kabul edilen Diocletianus'un yaşamı, askeri kariyeri ve reformları incelenecektir. Diocletianus, 1000 yıllık Roma İmparatorluğu'nun başkentini Roma'dan Nicomedia'ya (İzmit) taşıyarak, daha sonra Bizans İmparatorluğu olarak anılacak olan Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu'nun temellerini atmıştır. Bu adımı, kendisinden sonra Roma tahtına geçecek olan Büyük Constantinus'un yeni başkentini Doğu'da seçmesine örnek teşkil etmiştir. Ayrıca, Diocletianus, yaşlanan Roma İmparatorluğu'nu askeri, idari, bürokratik ve ekonomik alanlarda yaptığı reformlarla yeni bir seviyeye taşımış ve bu reformlar Büyük Constantinus'e yol göstermiştir. Böylece, Doğu'da kurulmuş yeni başkenti ve reformları ile Diocletianus, Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu'nun kurucusu olarak kabul edilebilir.
The role of commanders in Mongol campaigns
This study is a compilation created with the aim of examining the commanders who made the Mongol Empire, which left its mark on history under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the 13th century, successful in its campaigns. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of the commanders who served in the Mongol Empire during the campaigns and to identify and interpret the reasons for their actions based on the necessary information. Accordingly, the military structure of the Mongol Empire will first be discussed, followed by information about the campaigns and a discussion of the reasons for the commanders' actions. The sources used throughout the study consist of works from the period in which they were written to the present day, and in addition to the original Turkish and English sources, there are Turkish and English translations of Persian, Russian, and Chinese sources from the period. Keywords: Mongol Empire, Mongol Army System, Mongol Commanders, Noyans, Genghis Khan, Subutai, Jebe.
İlhanlı Dönemi bilim faaliyetleri
İlhanlı Dönemi bilim faaliyetlerini incelendiğinde bu dönemin İslâm bilim tarihinde hem kendinden önce kurulmuş olan uygarlıkların birikimini görebileceğimiz hem de kendisinden sonrasında yapılmış olan faaliyetleri gözlemleyebileceğimiz bir dönem olarak karşımıza çıkmakta olduğunu görürüz. Bu dönemde etkisini oldukça görebileceğimiz Nasîruddîn Tûsî ve Reşiddüddin Fazlullah'ın yetiştirmiş oldukları âlimler ve kurdukları yapıların günümüzdeki pek çok bilim faaliyetlerinin temelini oluşturduğunu görmekteyiz. ''İlhanlı Dönemi İlmi Hayatı'' adlı yüksek lisans tezimizde bu âlimlerin ortaya koyduğu eserleri ve faaliyetleri inceleyeceğimiz gibi bu faaliyetlerin dünyayı nasıl etkilediğine değineceğiz.
Social and economic structure in Khazar Khanate
The Khazar State is a political power established by Turks who emigrated from Central Asia and established a strong state on the Black Sea coast. From the 7th century to the 10th century, they established a powerful and effective economic order on the geographical region they are in and they are a state which has differentiated with the religious preference chosen by the state. The social order that the Khazar state created has provided a model society that allows different beliefs to live together easily. Their tolerance and the justice system they have established have shown that different beliefs can live in a peaceful way with justice, and that such an environment will affect the continuity of the economic system positively. At the same time they have established a strong commercial network with the policies they have applied, by determining the geographical position they are in and the situation of the states in the region.
The impact of Fatin Rustu Zorlu on Turkish Foreign Policy and Cyprus issue between 1955-1960
Following the end of World War II, Turkey has placed an emphasis on the necessity to adopt the multi-party system for westernization and democratization purposes, which it was unable to achieve twice. Following the establishment of the Democratic Party (DP) in 1946 and starting political life and coming to the power alone in 1950, especially the Turkish foreign policy had a great importance in a period when the Cold War was felt intensely. Marking a remarkable impact on the recent history, the foreign policy of Democrat Party was shaped by the influence of Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, and Turkey had a proactive foreign policy upon he became the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Fatin Rüştü Zorlu applied policies to establish the regional peace such as "Bandung Conference" and "Baghdad Pact" in its foreign policy activities and increased the diplomatic power of Turkey in international platforms. The greatest contribution of Turkish foreign policy to the international relations under the influence of Fatih Rüştü Zorlu is that he was the politician to initiate the "détente" between two Cold War Bloc with "versatile foreign policy approach." Zorlu has the biggest impact for adopting the Cyprus issue as a national cause, particularly between 1955 and 1960. Zorlu spent the majority of his time to solve the Cyprus issue with amicable means between 1958 and1959 and showed a great resistance against the "Enosis" activities of the Greeks thanks to his personal diplomatic capability and statesmanship. Today, Cyprus issue is one of the most important subjects of Turkish foreign policy and one of the national causes. Therefore, to have a better understanding of the Cyprus issue and take a concrete step for a solution, we have to take a close look at the foreign policy led by Fatih Rüştü Zorlu and examine the Cyprus issue in that perspective.
Turkish women history between 6 and 10 centuries (Pre-Islamic period)
In this research, it was tried to look at the place and value of woman in Turkish society before Islam from a historical point of view. For this reason, the role of women in the Turkish communities living in the 6th and 10th centuries, the position of women in Turkish customs, social and political life, tried to examine the value. In addition, in the texts in the inscriptions, female and male associations, reports of travelers, and female gravestones and sculptures were examined. The traditions and religions of the Turkish communities vary according to the geographical region they are in and the cultural changes of the women's perception are tried to be revealed. In evaluating the civilization levels of societies, the role of women, men and family has a very important role. It is suggested that the ancient Turkish communities are nomadic and therefore have no contribution to the history of civilization. But within the ancient Turkish communities the male-female associations will destroy this thesis. Keywords: pre-Islamic, Turkish history, women's history, women's sculptures,family, epic, mythology, state organization, Turkish inscriptions
The origin of Gagauzes in the early historical periods
Upon the dissolution of the Western Gokturk Khaganate, the declaration of independence and migration movements of the Turkish tribes within her structure as a new migration of tribes deeply affected many layers of world history, especially mainly ethnic and sociological way. However these migrations leave permanent traces in the northern part of the Black Sea, North Caucasus and the Balkans; their impacts have continued until today. In the light of the origins of the Gagauz people who have many theories about their origins; the effects of these migrations and the factors other than migrations have been explained. The theories and opinions of the scientific people have been used for studying about the language, the history of the Gagauz people and the name of Gagauz that have entered the written sources very late; domestic foreign source surveys have been conducted and observations have been made in some the periods in order to analyze the people of the region more closely.
The effect of Ilkhanid nation in the Near East 1253-1265
After Temuçin was elected as khan in 1206, the Mongols entered a rapid development process. Genghis Khan during 21 years of his being khan, took Northern China (Kin) and Khwarazmshah State under the sovereignty of his State and with his important commanders Cebe and Subetay expanded the field of dominance by the Western-based raid . Although Genghis Khan passed away in 1227, one end of the State expanded to China and other spread to the Caspian Sea. Mongolians have captured many important points of the world with their voyage movements continued by the rest and, in many ways, important social, cultural, economic, demographic and political changes were made. Ilkhanids, which had an important place in these changes and interactions, began in 1253 when Hülegü, grandson of Genghis Khan, was appointed to the Asian side in the West. This process, which began with the arrival of Hülegü to the Iran in 1255, soon with cutting the connection of the Karakoram region, revealed an independent Ilkhanids State. The Assassins, one of the most feared states of their time, were liquidated, the Abbasid state was destroyed and Baghdad was seized and the Mongol rule in Anatolia was strengthened. In addition, Christian states in the region also accepted the Mongols dominance. In this sense, the current political and military movements have caused a serious population to be displaced in the region, destruction of major centers, social and cultural life, and the change of trade. In addition, this structure completely changed the political balances in the region. In Steven Runciman's words, in 1204, the Latinos' invasion of Istanbul; the Mongols occupied Baghdad in 1258 , ended the system of the Byzantine-Abbasid in the Near East based on dual domination. Thus, the 13th century is a very mobile period. In this study, the economic-political and religious effects of Hülegü and Ilkhanid nation in the Near East will be discussed. Keywords: Mongols, İlkhanids, Hülegü, Near East, Assassians
The biography of the Roman Emperor Julian the apostate(6 November 331-26 June 363)
Flavius Claudius Julianus was born in Constantinople in 6 November 331 A.D. He had a tragic childhood, he saw all his family massacred except his brother Gallus when he was only 6 years old. He had to grown up far from his hometown, far from everybody, controlled by his parent's killers, keeping hate and rage that he always held hidden in his heart against the royal family, from the people who killed his parents and from their religion. Thus he became pagan at his young age when he was in exile, he kept his belief secret from people around him. And then when he was 24 years old he became Ceasar, he played the game according to his enemies rules, despite the lack of military training he became a perfect soldier, earned the trust and the respect of his soldiers and with the death of Constantius II he became the Augustus of the Roman Empire in 361. Feeling no longer the necessity to hide his true religion, he declared his pagan beliefs, became an enemy of the Christian religion and Church, tried to re-establish the pagan religion in Roman Empire and long before this task could be finished, tragically got killed on battlefield when he was only 32 years old. Keywords: Tragic childhood, Pagan, Perfect soldier, Augustus
Kadim Türklerde kimya tarihi
The subject of the study is the chemistry applications of the ancient Turks up to the Uighur state through the development of chemistry within the framework of science and history of science. Firstly, the meaning of science, the limits and the understanding of what is understood as a science, then the special place of chemistry as a field of science and its history is examined, and as a result of the development of the history of the Ancient Turks and the material that today is directly applied to the framework of the application of this science and the material of the people in the past tried to be placed. As a consequence of resources and working conditions, they are specifically used for the purposes of a nomadic-settlement analysis, which is necessary to discuss the construction of a direct linear history. The blacksmithing activities were supported by analyzes such as SEM and EDS, especially through its relations with its neighbors. Information is also given about a number of methods used. The results showed that settlement findings were reached as a result of the isotope analyzes conducted in the regions where Turks lived, and that in the area of blacksmithing, the population and the region could have an impact on the iron production methods as well. More systematic isotope analyzes, SEM and EDS analyzes on the history of the ancient Turks, where the sources seem insufficient, can illuminate a number of issues that remain in the dark. Key words: chemistry, AncientTturks, science, history of science, ironrworking
General characteristic and internal structure of kurgans in Afanasievo culture
In this research, the internal structure and general characteristics of kurgans in Afanasievo culture are tried to be emphasized. In this context, the monuments that belong or can belong to this culture and the geographies in which they are located were mentioned and besides the materials that were found in them were analyzed by using Russian and many foreign sources. When the properties of the materials are analyzed, it was mentioned that which culture or cultures they show affinity with, their contribution to the history of humanity, chronology, and origin. The chronological problem was tried to be overcome by comparing the traditional method LSC (Liquid scintillation) and modern method AMS (Accelerator mass spectrometry) techniques and the origin problem was tried to be clarified through the genomes that were obtained from the human bones which were found in the monuments in recent years and cultural continuity/similarities. The Afanasievo culture is a very important culture for human history which serves as a kind of bridge between the east and west of Eurasia, where the main elements of the productive economy such as cattle breeding and metallurgy were observed for the first time in Southern Siberia and the construction of an advanced structure such as kurgan and the sacred structure. In this thesis, contrary to many scientists, the theory that Afanasievo culture is of Turkic origin rather than an Indo-European culture will be tried to be put forth.
Analysis of the Turkish expeditions with a focus on Otranto and venice in Turkish historiography and their interpretation according to the ideal of the Empire of Turks as Rome III during the reign of Mehmet the conqueror
Among the conquests during the term of Mehmet the Conqueror, Otranto was the place that the Ottoman Empire could keep for only a short time, while other countries conquered remained in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century. Indeed, most of the cities in today's Turkey were conquered by Mehmet the Conqueror. From this perspective, Crimean Khanate and Bosnia among other geographies which were part of the Ottoman culture have been significant in Turkish politics throughout the history. On the other hand, the conquest of Otranto is not frequently referred to in Turkish political discourse. Unfortunately, Turkish historiography has a similar approach towards this conquest. Furthermore, there are land suspension books or certain foundation records of countries such as Albania, which was conquered in the 15th century, there is not any available Supreme Court reports or other archives from the Ottoman Empire. Oddly enough, there are not Ottoman chronicles on the four hundred and forty years before the 15th century. In this regard, almost all chronicles, where the foundation and expansion of the empire can be tracked, date back to the 15th century and earlier periods are missing. This may be referred to as re-writing of history with an imperial ideology. Even more oddly, the battle in Otranto in 1480 was only written in history archives by 16th century historians Kemalpaşazade et al. This may mean that it is unavoidable to search for 15th century Italian resources rather than Ottoman chronicles to find information on the Otranto expedition and conquest. In this context, Mehmet the conqueror focused on regions in Europe and Rome in Italy was undoubtedly among his primary targets. Political discussions in Turkey usually dwell upon Rome and Europe when referring to Ottoman conquests, yet it is quite rare that the mention the Ottomans proceeding towards Basra and Egypt or the expedition to Otranto. Nevertheless, it is crystal clear that Otranto has a special place in European historical memory. Despite this importance, many important battles, agreements and expeditions including the one to Otranto have not been subject to exclusive analysis as in monography in Turkish historiography. As a matter of fact, Otranto was conquered and kept under Ottoman rule for 13 months, yet this has only been a topic of general discussion rather than elaborated conversations among historians. In the light of this information, this research is designed to investigate the way how the expedition to Otranto is tackled in Turkish historiography in addition to its details and interpretation. In an attempt to answer these questions, this study further sheds light on the fact that the conquest of Italy should be evaluated from the perspective of re-foundation of the Roman Empire and Mehmet the Conqueror's mission in this field. Since his successor in office, Bayezid II did not have a mission to conquer Europe, it can be uttered that the Ottomans gave up from conquering Otranto or keeping it in Ottoman territory after Mehmet the Conqueror. Nevertheless, having a significant place, Otranto turned into an instrument of propaganda by the Church and Christians against Turks who were advancing towards Europe. Unfortunately, the use of this city as an instrument of propaganda turned into literature and had a major effect on scientific historiography as well. Italy, on the other hand, has recently started to apply a methodology to distinguish propaganda from real historical facts. In this regard, it is a well-known fact that neutral history writing requires objective archives and language skills. Therefore, it is necessary to follow the golden rule: "Audi alteram partem – listen to the other side". Key Words: Rome, Otranto, Audi Alteram Partem.
The situation and political position of Hungarian Kingdom during the Mongol invasion
This thesis study consists of three main sections and conclusion section. The aim of the study is to reveal the effects of Mongol Invasion on the Hungarian Kingdom. For this reason, in the study, Mongol history, military structure and their expeditions to Europe are given in the first part. In the second part, Hungarian history, the conquest of Carpathian Basin, the Christianization of the Hungarians and the Golden Bull which was important for Hungarian internal affairs are discussed. Also, The Medieval European military structure during the Mongol Invasion period are revealed for better understanding the period, political structure of Europe are examined before and during the Mongol Invasion. In the third and last main chapter, the Battle of Móhi, its causes and results also the Mongol Withdraw with its reasons are studied. In the final chapter, which is the fourth chapter, the situation of the Hungarian Kingdom after the Mongol Invasion, the effects of the Battle of Móhi on the Hungarian Kingdom and the general effects of the Mongol Invasion on Europe are evaluated. Keywords: Europe, Hungarians, Mongols, Mongol Invasion, Battle of Móhi
The relationship between Turkey and Russia in the period of Stalin from 1937 to 1939
The Soviet Union we examine the foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey was seen as a basic point. With the Montreux Straits Convention, there are important separations between these two states. In our thesis study, it was chosen because of the good and bad relations between these two states together with the Stalin period and a period in which balance policies appeared. After Stalin's death, the Soviet Union's bilateral relations with Turkey seems to give up its claim to the Straits is the most basic problems. In this thesis, this period will be studied based on the years 1937 and 1939.
The influence of the East India Company on Asian politics by analyzing the social and political change of China in the 19th century
The 19th century had been a very challenging period for nations. There had been many revolutions and clashes between civilizations, especially between the East and the West. Therefore, the period can be called the period of survival, time to prove thyself to the new world order. At that time on the east, the Qing Dynasty was also joined to the period of transformation, mainly challenged by British, French, and others. For the Chinese, it was the period of witnessing the bitter face of imperialism and constructing the core elements of the modern nation-state. It was the period that goes to the origins of today's Chinese problems, such as the Hongkong crisis. By the discovery of these exotic lands, the West gradually became dependent on Chinese and Indian goods such as silk, tea, and a variety of spices for their daily usage. However, at that time, the British had no competitive products in exchange for Chinese goods. By dominating Bengal and Assam, the Opium plantation gives the British the opportunity of closing their trade deficits within a short period and made the Manchu Qing dependent on the British Empire. The opium trade was started by small groups of smuggler Scots and British enterprises but later became an inevitable trade activity. Although Qing high-level court officers tried to ban in many ways, their attempt to prevent the Opium trade brought a series of disasters into China. The belief in omnipotent China was lost, and the Chinese had to understand the West in order to evolve into one of the world's superpowers today. This research paper by drawing attention to the effects of imperialism on China examines how China transformed into a modern nation-state by analyzing the influence of the East Indian company, later on, the British, on Chinese society and politics in the 19th century.
Turkish Iranian relations in the contex of being regional power after 2002
This study sought to clarify the struggle between Turkey-Iran to be a regional power on their land and their foreign policy instruments and corporations in the covered period, considering relatively smooth relations between Turkey and Iran in the 1990s and 2000s. Indeed, ideology has had a significant place in mutual relations between Iran and Turkey for a long time. Ideological factors formed the reasons for conflict between Turkey and Iran in the 1990s. However, ideological differences between the two countries did not lead any serious conflict. After the collapse of Soviet Union, there was regional competition that involved Caucasia and Middle Asia between two states. Iran was trying to use her Shi?ite identity to establish hegemony on the region; on the other hand, Turkey was trying to aggregate Turcoman states in order to become economic and cultural power.The year of 2002 could be defined as a landmark of Turkish-Iranian relations because both countries admired to improve economic and political ties with each other. Definitely, this devoted intent should not be evaluated as a perfect period. In spite of the fact that Turkey and Iran have been enthusiastic to have strong ties, they are rival countries. As a matter of fact, affairs between Turkey and Iran could be named ?rival corporations?. For a better or worse, Turkey and Iran are important competitors but they ought to have strong collaborations together because Turkey is a ?balancer of balance? state on her region while Iran has a significant geo-political and geo-strategically position on her land. Overseas states could make policy whatever they prefer, but Turkey and Iran have been neighbouring countries, they should tolerate each other?s reactions and find out common political interests.
Ordu-Mesudı̇ye kaya yazıtlarında ön Türklerı̇n ı̇zlerı̇
Ata yurdumuz Türkistan coğrafyasından ana yurdumuz Anadolu coğrafyasına pek çok alanlarda rastlanan kaya yazıtları, erken Türk tarihinin çok değerli tarihi belgeleridir. Türk kavimlerinin göç yolları üzerinde olan Ordu-Mesudiye kırsal alanında varlığı bilinen kaya yazıtlarının saptanması ve yazıtların okuma önerileri, çalışmamızın ana amacı olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla öncelikle Ordu-Mesudiye- Esatlı Köyü'ne gidilerek burada bir saha çalışması yapılmıştır. Saha çalışmalarının daha uygun olduğu yaz mevsiminde bölgeye gidilerek, Mesudiye Kaymakamlığı ve Mesudiye Jandarma Komutanlığından izin alınmış ve bu bölgeyi iyi tanıyan ve kaya yazıtlarının olduğu alanları daha önce gezmiş amatör araştırmacılarla tanışılarak ön bilgiler alınmıştır. Esatlı Köyü muhtarı ile de görüşüldükten sonra bölgede kamp kurulmuş ve bu alan defalarca gezilerek tüm kaya yazıtlarının ve kaya resimlerinin fotoğraflarının çekilmesi, krokilerinin yapılması, kaya yazıtlarının boyutlarının ölçülmesi, çalışmamızın ilk adımını oluşturmuştur. Çalışmamızın ikinci adımında Erken Türklerin kurduğu büyük devletler İskit, Hun, Göktürk Devletlerinin binyıllar içinde oluşturdukları ve kullandıkları alfabeleri üzerinde okuma çalışmaları yapılarak, özellikle erken Türk Tarihinin şaheserleri Orhun Abideleri incelenerek, okuma önerileri için temel öğrenme ve alfabeyi sökme çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Ordu-Mesudiye kaya yazıtlarının tarihlendirilmesi, hangi Türk boyları tarafından buralara kazındığı ve çağlar ötesinden vermek istedikleri mesajların anlamlandırılması, çalışmamızın nihai hedefi olacaktır. Bu amaçla, arkeolojik çalışmalar ve bu alandaki katkıları da dile getirilecektir.