Developing a sustainable learning credential wallet application with blockchain technology in open and distance learning

With the emergence of blockchain technology, the concept called Web3, which aims to decentralize the Internet and control the ownership and management of the user's data, has affected many areas, including educational technologies. This study aims to create a model for the use of blockchain technology in open and distance learning. Within the scope of this study, an extensive literature review is conducted and an application called "Learning Credential Wallet", which is sustainable and compatible with e-learning standards and can be integrated into learning management systems, has been developed based on the opinions of blockchain and distance education experts. Moreover, a proof-of-concept study has been carried out on blockchain test networks. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the dimensions of open and distance learning environments and socio-technical system theory. The research process consists of three stages: theoretical, development, and implementation. In the theoretical stage, it was aimed to determine the research priorities and needs of blockchain technology in open and distance learning and to examine the developments in the glocal (global and local) context. A part of this study was conducted at Purdue University with a TUBITAK 2214/A doctoral fellowship. In the development and implementation stages, an application was developed with TUBITAK 1512 support, and the application was evaluated with the opinions of the end users. In the last part of the study, the findings obtained in the research and the results obtained in line with these findings are given and suggestions are made to the stakeholders who may use blockchain technology in education. It is believed that the outcomes of this study will guide researchers and stakeholders in the field of both blockchain technology and open and distance learning for future studies. Blockchain-based systems can also contribute to the digital transformation processes of educational institutions.