Umayyads' Mawali policy in the field of political, religious and social policy

The religion of Islam starting from the time of prophet, in the period of the four caliphs and in the ongoing process has aimed at the most ideal Muslim society freed from fragmentation and division, and has revealed its norms and principles in this regard. As the practitioners of this religion, Muslim rulers caused the society to split into factions and sects with some mistakes they made in their practices. A segment that we can call non-Arabs (mawali) was exploited in the bureaucracy after the Hulafe-i Raşid, and as a result, attitudes that categorizing the society in the style of Arab and non-Arab were displayed during the Umayyad period. When the Mawalis found themselves in a position of being pushed aside in the field of leadership and administration by the rulers, they made a name for themselves in other fields, especially in the religious field and being a craftsman. This class, which was weak in terms of being a power element before, showed its dissatisfaction with the practices applied to them in the revolts against the government, played an active role in the revolts and supported these rebellions. Generally, the caliphs and governors of the period approached this group with the logic that they should obey, and did not hesitate to intervene with coercion against the objections and complaints directed against them. While the authoritarian owners of the state saw them as a potential threat to the state, they could not integrate themselves with this state, with the thought that the rights of the opposite party were usurped. In the last period of the Umayyad state, the effectiveness of the Mawali increased, causing the state to struggle and wear out. The exclusionary policy of the Umayyad state against the Mavali was one of the reasons for its collapse.