Comparison of the issue of "ma'dum" in kalam and the theory of "a'yan-i sabite" in sufism

The concept of "ma'dum" in Kalam has given rise to various controversies. The Mu'tazilites claimed that possible ma'dums (non-existent entities) have inherent existence separate from the causal influence of the agent, asserting that they are fixed entities that have separated externally as essence and accidents. This theory of the Mu'tazilites faced strong criticism from the Sunni tradition. For Sunni scholars, ma'dum is an absolute negation, and the existence of entities other than Allah is considered impossible. However, Ibn Arabi adopted the Mu'tazilite theory and transformed it into his own understanding of existence, referring to the created beings as the realities in the knowledge of Allah, which he termed as the theory of "a'yan-i sabite." Thus, the concept of ma'dum found continuity and persisted within Ibn Arabi's framework of existence.