Investigation of the changes in niacin, steroid hormones, FSH, and LH concentrations in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Libyan women

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, with significant effects on metabolic, hematological, and reproductive health. Women of reproductive age are especially vulnerable, as diabetes disrupts glycemic control, hormonal balance, fertility, and lipid metabolism. Despite extensive research, few studies have comprehensively compared the combined effects of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on biochemical and reproductive parameters relative to healthy women. This study aimed to evaluate and compare hematological indices, hormonal markers, and lipid profiles in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes against non-diabetic controls, to identify deviations with implications for reproductive health. Results showed no significant differences in mean ages (31.46 and 34.53 years for type 1 and type 2 diabetes vs. 28.33 years in controls). The 26–30 year group was most affected, with lower prevalence among diabetics (26.66% and 23.33%) compared to controls (43.33%). Body weight showed no statistical difference, though diabetics had higher means (75.60 and 78.10 kg vs. 72.03 kg). Hematological analysis revealed reduced red blood cells (4.53 and 5.10 ×10^6/L) and hemoglobin (10.85 and 11.70 g/dL) compared to controls (5.35 ×10^6/L; 14.32 g/dL). HbA1C was elevated in diabetics (6.76% and 5.83% vs. 5.25%). Niacin decreased, estradiol increased, and FSH declined in diabetics. Lipid profiles showed higher cholesterol and triglycerides, with minor HDL reduction and LDL elevation. In conclusion, diabetes exerts multifactorial impacts on women of reproductive age, highlighting the need for integrated monitoring and targeted interventions.