Westernism, Pan-İslamism and Nationalism of the late Ottoman intelligentsia

The Non-western societies could not be indifferent to the outcomes of modernization arising in the 17th century in Europe and penetrating the whole world afterwards. This situation, which enhanced reflexive thought in Ottoman, came out in the form of various movements of thought in the later 19th century, under both internal and external dynamics. The world of thought in descenting Ottoman Empire took a sharp turn, and the thoughts obtained as a result of changes in western world during recent centuries started to have influence over the Ottoman intelligentsia. Now in this setting, where not only technical and military aspects of western world but also its cultural elements were discussed, all social values were brought up for discussion. Many thoughts ranging from socialism to decentralization, materialism to positivism, nationalism to Pan-Islamism resonated with the intelligentsia, and universal values were mapped out as a common quest. This unsteady era had a great impact over intelligentsia's world of thought, some tides were experienced among the movements of thought, moreover, these thoughts were tried to be abalienated. Of the political current, Westernism, Pan Islamism, and Nationalism, comparing to other movements, were treated remonstrantly. In addition to this, allegiences of the intelligentsia shaped over time, and in parallel with these developments, their thoughts differed from time to time. The purpose of this study is to reflect the intellectual map in the late Ottoman period, through Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Said Halim Paşa, Said Nursi, Filibeli Ahmet Hilmi, Ziya Gökalp, and Abdullah Cevdet. Keywords: Nineteenth Ottoman İntelligentsia, Westernism, Pan Islamism, Nationalism.