The phenomenon of the prevalence of an increase in the level of prostate-specific antigens (total and free) for patients over 40 years old who visit a teaching hospital in Iraq

Prostate cancer, the most common disease among males in numerous countries, raises the difficulty of finding reliable screening tests. Most screening programs use free and total PSA testing. Serum human kallikrein-2 (hK2) may be a sign for predicting malignancy, so the optimal course of action, observation or biopsy, may be taken. August–October 2022 case-control study had 90 participants over 40 years; 60 prostate cancer patients and 30 healthy people of the same age and gender. Total, free prostatic specific antigen, human kallikreins-2, lipid profile, and blood glucose were examined. Results of the current study showed that there were higher mean serum concentrations of the total, free prostatic-specific antigen, human kallikreins-2, lipid (TC, TG, LDL, VLDL) profile, and blood glucose in patients than in healthy groups, while HDL was low in patients compared to control. Also, there were highly significant differences between the two groups with regard to the serum concentration of these variables. In addition, there was a positive correlation between human kallikreins-2 and free prostatic-specific antigen in patients with prostate cancer. Both free and total prostatic-specific antigens play a significant role in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, and human kallikreins-2 may be capable of enhancing early diagnosis by increasing specificity and reducing false-positive results from biopsies.